Reflective Practice And Risk Essay

Reflective Practice And chance EssayThe purpose of this essay is to critic every(prenominal)y evaluate the following singing with reference to my own coif experience in working with venture. As fond actors it is especially critical that we apply a resiliency-lens, that is, a strengths-based practice draw near (Saleeby, 2006, p.198).With the focus of this piece of practice on working with a family, this essay bequeath pre paramountly look the above statement from the survey of a Children and Families popment. The essay will cast down with a brief enlist of the practice experience that will be referred to and will then explore the creationions of resiliency and strengths-based practice as come up as convey judging and lay on the lineiness way. The tender, cultural and political concepts that shape practice in relation to take a chance man get onment will likewise be explored. A reflective discussion of my practice will follow and this will incorporate the c oncepts of resilience and strengths-based practice as well as endangerment appraisal and take chances caution and how this approach was utilised to complete nonice board Pre-Birth Assessment. This discussion will alike be set indoors a theoretical role model of reflection.The practice experience that will be referred to within this essay is the estimate process I undertook in order to prep ar for the completion of a Pre-Birth Assessment which had been requested by the Community Ante-Natal accouche part. The completed Pre-Birth Assessment would be sent to the topical anesthetic Authoritys Child tri only ife Officer. This was in line with the Local Authoritys High jeopardy Pregnancy Protocol. BB is 18 course of instructions old and pregnant with her second child. She lives al angiotensin converting enzyme in local consent housing in a small village. Her oldest child, CA, was at the time of the referral 9 months old. BBs partner, BA, who is develop 21, is currently in pr ison serving a deuce year sentence for Assault to Severe Injury. BA is not expected to decease released from prison until October 2010. The Midwife was concerned that BB would find it difficult to be intimate with the raw(a) baby as well as her female child and described BB as appearing to lack capacity in her understanding of responsibility of CAs health and welf are and the health and well-being of both herself and her unborn baby. The midwife in any case raised concerns approximately BBs mental well-being with respect to her partners immense term prison sentence and in particular raised concerns that BB was decision it difficult to contemplate the stimulate of her second child with step to the fore the support of her partner. The Midwife was satisfied that substance/drug misuse was not an issue with BB.The concept of resilience refers to a dynamic process of overcoming the negative effects of seek exposure, coping productively with traumatic experiences and avoiding th e negative pathways associated with fortunes. (Rutter, 1985 Luthar et al, 2000). From a developmental perspective, a pathway ordure become negative when circumstances lead to lower berth than expected progress or regression. Positive pathways elapse as individuals or families overcome adversities. Turning points represent times when a pathway alters direction, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as when skipper handling en equal to(p)s a family or individual to start on or return to a cocksure pathway. (Hill et al 2007). Gilligan (2004) likewise send words that three elements are seen as essential to understanding resilience which arises from a process and results in positive adaption in the face of adversity. Further to this, Fergus and Zimmerman (2005) fence that a key requirement of resilience is the presence of both stake and defensive factors that either help bring about a positive outcome or reduce and avoid a negative outcome. In order to illuminate how resilience white thorn operate, the key relationships in the lives of children and their families should be explored. The relationships the children and their families go through with the wider world as well as their relationships with professionals should also be included in this exploration. (Gilligan, 2004).According to Hill et al (2007) some of the findings concerning resilience among young people as they move into adulthood are relevant to parents. The capacities and supports that assist their resilience also help them manage stresses arising from parental roles. However, lots of the work on parent and family support has been based on the concept of coping and the development or building on the strengths of families facing difficulties quite a than that of resilience (Pugh et al, 1995 Quinton, 2004). Nevertheless, as Hill et al (2007) point out successful coping equates to resilience (Hill et al, 2007, p.19).In order to identify and bolster strengths, as well as reduce risk Corcoran and Ni chols-Casebolt (2004) consider how a risk and resilience ecologic framework (Kirby and Fraser, 1997) potful fit with social full treatment emphasis on authority and the strengths-based perspective. Corcoran and Nichols-Casebolt (2004) put forward the ideas that the strengths perspective underlies the concepts of cautionary factors and resilience in which people are not only able to survive, nevertheless also triumph over difficult life circumstances. The ecological emphasis of the framework expands the focus beyond the individual to a mention of systemic factors that can create problems as well as amend them. (Corcoran and Nichols-Casebolt, 2004, p.212)In describing elements and principles of strength-based practice, Saleeby (2000) asks us to imagine an equilateral triangle. P at the flush stands for promise and possibility whilst C on the left represents capacities, competencies and character. R on the angle to the right symbolises re bloodlines, resilience and reserves. victorious into account the character and air of the helping relationship using the work of Carl Rogers (1951) by utilising respect, genuineness, concern, collaboration and empathy as well having serviceable and give up interventions can provide a linguistic context for the family and/or individual to confront the difficult and consider the future.Central to the strengths approach is to begin making an sagaciousness of the assets, resources and capacities within the service user and equally within their environment e.g. household composition, extended family, neighbourhood and local conveniences as well as access to community resources. (Saleeby, 2000 Corcoran Nichols-Casebolt, 2004). Further to this, professional appraisal needs to focus on strengths as well as deficits, on protective as well as risk factors. (Werner Smith, 1992 Gilligan, 2001). What also needs to be understood, in terms of professional assessment is that protective and risk factors have been found to vary according to the attribute of adversity, type of resilient outcome and life stage. Also risk factors in one context may by protective in another. (Rutter, 1999 Ungar, 2004). riskiness assessment should be understood as collecting information on the two key risk elements these are known as the outcomes (also known as the consequences, harm or damage) and their likelihood (also known as chance or exposure) and to assess a risk both should be taken into consideration. (Carson Bain, 2008 Titterton, 2005). guess assessment is also described as a systematic order of battle of information to identify if risks are heterogeneous and identifying the likelihood of their future occurrence. It can also be employ to predict the escalation of the presenting behaviour as well as the service users motivation for change. (Calder, 2002)When considering outcomes Carson Bain (2008) urge that a risk assessment only requires from a legal, ethical and professional perspective to cover intelligent outcomes. The goal should be to include as much information, and as many considerations as necessary but to keep the decision as wide-eyed as possible. Including unreasonable outcomes quickly become counterproductive and in that respectby army poor practice. Further to this beneficial outcomes should also be taken into consideration. run a risk assessment should also take into account that risk is being considered, and can be justified because its likely benefits may be more essential than the possible harms. Quality risk assessment requires us to think about the amount of harm and/or benefits which might be achieved.When assessing likelihood Carson Bain (2008) suggest that the knowledge source and the quality of knowledge are variable. They advocate the adoption of the cognitive continuum model by Hammond (1978 cited in Carson Bain, 2008). This suggests that we should be able to tell apart six levels of knowledge. The lowest level being intuitive judgement side by side(p) is peer-aided judgement where two or more people will helping knowledge, experience and discuss assumptions and predictions. The third is system-aided judgement e.g. supervisor/manager aided. The last- indue three levels relate to the quality of scientific and empirical query which may or may not be available. However, as Carson Bain point out the value of the cognitive continuum is that it reminds us thatWhen making an assessment of likelihood we ought to use knowledge from the highest level, providing it is relevant knowledge.(Carson Bain, 2008, p.142)Therefore, when conducting an assessment, it is important that the nature of the interactions between the family and environmental factors are examined carefully, including both positive and negative influences and knowledge and meaning attached to them explored and weighed up with the family. What is utilitarian in this respect is the use of grids and visual aids such as resilience/vulnerability matrix (Daniel Wassell, 2002), My World Triangle and genograms. The expediency of these is enhanced when completed together with the service user. At this point it is useful to mention that there are two basic assessment tools used to assess risk. These are clinical which involves professional judgement, information from interrogation on risk factors and constructs risk management as well as allowing intervention strategies to be tailored to situation. The other is actuarial and is based upon statistical calculations of risk and uses scales to assess parental dangerousness. This method does not allow for children and their families unique meet of circumstances and also takes no account of child development theory. (Barry, 2007 Davies, 2008).Risk management is discovering and haughty the dimensions of the proposed risk into a plan to manage the risks it is involved with implementing, monitoring, influencing, controlling and reviewing the risk decision. Risk dimensions are features of risk that could be influen ced by the practitioner, for example the available (and the availability of) resources to manage the risk and uncertainty (Carson and Bain, 2008). Gurney (2000) defines risk management as processes devised by organisations to minimise negative outcomes and suggests that risk management moves along a continuum between control, legitimate authority and empowerment. Between the empowering and controlling ends of the continuum lie models of risk minimisation which seek to reduce harms and maximise benefits. (Manthorpe, 2000).However, in order to have good risk management we must be able to make effective use of all the dimensions of the risk assessment. Risk management suggest ways in which a decision may be best implemented. Different levels of resources may be applied. For example, the child who is sensed possibly to be at risk may be visited more frequently. People are an example of a major resource for risk management. The number of people being able to visit to check on a risk dec ision will be important but will be of little advantage if they are not sufficiently knowledgeable or skilled in identifying problems or opportunities and to make appropriate interventions. However, the availability of resources is money orientated and the availability of risk management resources in one part of the country (or neighbouring local authorities) could lead to a incompatible risk proposal being assessed from that in another local authority that does not have those resources available. (Carson Bain, 2008)Webb (2007) identifies social work as operating within a risk society, that is, a society which views risk as something which should be managed and can be identified and eradicated. Since the beginning of the 21st Century there have been several reports regarding child abuse deaths and, as pointed out by Ferguson (1997), there areFew more disturbing phenomena in forward-looking modern society than the premature deaths of socially valued children who were known to be a t high risk.(Ferguson, 1997, p. 228)Examples of high profile child death interrogatory cases include Victoria Climbi (2003), Caleb Ness (2003) and Baby P (2008). These are all very good examples of how the media and public blamed practitioners. The resultant media coverage of how risk assessment and risk management have failed along with demands for minimising risks and organisational and professional duty have, over the years, constrained the role of a social worker. With respect to this Houston and Griffiths argue thatApproaches to risk assessment and management in child protection have led to an emphasis on prediction, control and culpability. (Houston and Griffiths, 2000, p.1).Furedi (1997) argues that the worship of safety and the evasion of risk make up the new moral order, an order which is prescriptive, scrutinizing and deeply anti-humanistic. From this perspective, concern about identifying risk is becoming more dominant than concern about identifying need in assessment and resource tryst in risk management.Avoiding risk is a difficult business which cannot be reduced to simplistic methods and rather than try to calculate the incalculable social workers should develop mutually trusting, respectful relationships with service users. Also this approach to risk assessment and risk management may deny the social worker empowering approaches which respond to need, focus on prevention and which more centrally attempt issues of poverty and social inequality. (Stalker, 2003 Ritchie Woodward, 2009). Further to this Ritchie Woodward (2009) point out that if social workers are preoccupied with high risk situations they are less likely to find the space to work either creatively or therapeutically. Additionally, the Changing Lives musical composition (2006) suggested that the social work profession had become increasingly risk averse. 1 of the key areas identified in Changing Lives was the need to develop a new organisational culture and approach to risk management and risk assessment which promoted excellence. ( Scotch Executive 2006).In order to complete BBs pre-birth assessment I took into account risk factors and strengths which I had to analyse and reflect on. Calder (2002) offers a framework for conducting risk assessment by assessing all areas of identified risk and ensuring that severally is considered separately e.g. child, parent and surrounding environment. To counteract the risk factors present family strengths and resources were also assessed, for example good bonding, supportive networks. I undertook research regarding parental resilience and according to Hill et al (2007) a vast array of research shows that parents in poverty or facing other stressors usually cope better when they have one or more close relationships immaterial the household and these are activated to give practical, emotional or informational support. In the case of BB she had a practical and supportive relationship with her mother as well as the support of her extended family which included her grandmother. BB also had a good relationship with BAs family and his mother in particular was a source of support for BB as she regularly took CA overnight.Whilst completing the assessment I centred my practice on the strengths-based perspective. As Saleeby (2000) explains the work of the strengths-based approach is the work of empowerment as both a process and a goal. As a goal, those who are empowered seek a firmer sense of purpose, self-pride, the possibility of pickaxe and connections to resources. As a process it is the collaboration between a social worker and a family or individual, working together on a mutual plan that will move them closer to their aspirations.Utilising a strengths-based practice with BB was important as she was finding it difficult to interact with the Community wellness Visitor and Midwife. BB entangle that she was a bad parent as she was not conforming to the routines the health Visitor had recommend ed. BB also described how she felt that the Health Visitor was judging her and finding her wanting as a parent. Taking this conversation into consideration I realised that BB had no sense of self-efficacy, self-esteem or self-concept which Payne (2005) describes as resources that people have in order to cope. However, BBs strengths lay in the care of her daughter. She had a good bond with her daughter and was quick to attend to her needs. BB also had a routine in place with regard to mealtimes, naps and a bedtime routine. CA was also reaching her developmental milestones, had age appropriate toys and had the freedom of the living area. BB had also erected a baby provide to stop CA from gaining access to the kitchen and stairs.After a thorough compendium and supervisory discussions with my practice teacher I recommended that a Post-Birth Multi-Agency Conference not be convened. BB was happy to continue to work voluntarily with the Children and Families Area aggroup which would all ow ongoing assessment and intervention. However, I recommended that a Post-Birth Multi-Agency meeting be arranged to discuss future interventions as I was aware that the birth of the new baby could be a future pressure on BB. I also recommended a further assessment take place when BA returns to the family home in October 2010. These recommendations were accepted by the Child Protection Officer at the Local Authority.In conclusion, Kolbs Reflective Cycle (1984) was useful in the reflection of my practice concerning BB as it allowed me to take into account Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC) Codes of Practice, particularly Section 4.1 and 4.2. This reflective cycle also helped me look at BBs situation holistically by looking at resilience and risk, strengths-based practice and risk assessment and management. On reflection I felt confident that I had used the resources available to me well, particularly research and knowledge and I could justify my risk decision if harm was to occu r and would be able to explain how I came to my risk decision. Overall, I felt that my first practice was very much influenced by the negative issues associated with risk however, I believe that this placement allowed me to put risk, risk assessment and management into perspective and accepting that risk decisions should not be influenced by the blame-culture but from a balanced approach which takes into consideration beneficial outcomes. This will in the future enable me to better support service users.2,998 words

Example Of Television Advertising Campaign Marketing Essay

Example Of Television Advertising Campaign trade EssayChoose a company or a firebrand of a mathematical product of service in NZ. Focusing on the integrate merchandise communication system of the company. I choose McDonald. I would let off McDonald focusing on the integrated marketing communication system. McDonalds Pro interrogative schema is Think Global Act Local. Moreover, im lovin it is a key part of McDonalds in the creation eye(predicate)ity strategy to link with customers in highly relevant, culturally grand slipway around the worldExample of Television Advertising CampaignThe advertise goal of this television advertising is to support back up barter promotion constrict, and to advise the customer serving new promotion of McDonalds menu. Certainly, the immediate voice communication service is a special selling point of McDonalds. When I saw this advertising at the first time, I want to cater McDonalds deliin truth service because its a speedy service and del icious and enkindle menus. I think this advertising strategy employ the emotion to keep up the customers. After seeing this adverting, I want to provide McDonalds because of speedy deli genuinely service, and interesting promotion.Advertising CampaignMcDonalds has a wide scope of McDonalds campaign in many countries. Moreover, it focuses on average their brand name solely localizing their advertising campaign. In New Zealand, television advertising campaign aimed specifically the children and teenager. The main goal of television advertising to make customer cognizance the new products (menus).Public RelationsMcDonalds in New Zealand use the public relation using the internet media like MSN to update the new goods and angry promotion on it, so it is simple way for the person who likes McDonalds. egress of fact, an amusing activity is a good rule of McDonalds public linkup to promote brand image McDonalds focuses on helping seek law of closure for bother facing families and c hildren today. The main goal is to certain needs of modify the lifestyle of underprivileged children.Q2-Identify and describe the particles of promotional mix they use in their integrated marketing communication.There argon five main handle of a promotional mix.1 These areAdvertising Announcement and promotion of thinking, serve or goods, or by an identified sponsor. Examples radio, Print ads, television, convey mail, billboard, ,brochures and catalogs, signs, posters, in-store displays, motion pictures, banner ads, Web pages, and emails.Personal selling -Personal selling is effective in influencing the buying process, specially make buyers favor, confidence and action. Examples sales meetings, gross sales presentations, bonus programs for intermediary salespeople, sales training, samples, and telemarketing. Can be via telephone or face-to-face.Sales promotion non-media and media marketing communication are hired for limited time, a pre-determined to increase stimulate mar ket demand, consumer demand or improve product availability. Examples sweepstakes, coupons, contests, product samples, self-liquidating premiums, rebates, trade-ins, trade shows, and exhibitions.Public relations Paid close excitant of sum up for goods, service, or business unit by planting important news about it or a satisfactory presentation of it in the media. Examples magazine and Newspaper articles/reports, radios and TV presentations, speeches, charitable contributions, seminars, and issue advertising.Direct market is a system of marketing by which organizations communicate directly with posterior customers to generate a response and/or a transaction. For example, email, mobile messaging, synergistic consumer websites, fliers, online display ads, promotional letters, catalog distribution ,and outdoor advertising.Q3-Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each element in the promotional mix.The major marketing communication tools, including advertising, public relatio ns, sales promotion, direct and online marketing, and personal selling are discussed be pitiable.The advantages of advertising are that first, advertizer controls the message. Second, comprise effective manner to communicate with large customers. Third, effective method makes symbolic appeals and brand images. Fourth, often it potful be effective method to touch immediate chord with consumers. The disadvantages of advertising are that first, high cost of producing and running ads. Second, it caused credibility problems and consumer skepticism. Third, severey is in determining effectiveness. Fourth, it is only a one-way communication.The advantages of personal selling are first, direct contact amidst seller and buyer permits for more flexibility. Second, it can tailor sales message to detailed needs of consumers. Third, it allows for more direct and immediate feedback. Fourth, sales efforts can be aimed to detailed markets and customers who are best vision. The disadvantages of personal selling are first, high costs per contact. Second, expensive way to reach large audiences. Third, delicate to bind constant and uniform message conveyed to all customers.The advantages of sales promotion are divided 2 parts, consumer-oriented and trade-oriented. The consumer-oriented is targeted to the eventual users of service or a product.ex) coupons, sampling, contests, sweepstakes. The trade-oriented is targeted toward marketing intermediaries like wholesalers, retailers or distributors. ex) promotion allowances, price embraces, trade shows.The advantages of public relations are first, it can reach many prospects that are difficult for former(a) communication tools. Second, a combination of public relations with other communication tools in the business campaign can be very effective and economical.The advantages of direct marketing are first, alters in society have made consumers more capacity to direct marketing. Second, Permit marketers to be very target specific segments of customers and selective. Third, messages can be customized for specific customers. Fourth, effectiveness is easier to measure. The disadvantages of direct marketing are first, absence of customer receptivity and very low reply rates. Second, it has image problems-particularly with telemarketing. Third, it can be clutter.The advantages of interactive/internet marketing are first, it can be used for kinds of IMC competence. Second, messages can be trim to detailed needs and interests of customers. Third, interactive leads to higher level of involvement. Fourth, it can supply a lot of information to customers. The disadvantages of interactive/internet marketing are first, internet is non yet a mass medium as many consumers lack access. Second, attention to internet ads is very low. Third, great deal of clutter on the internet. Fourth, customer measurement is a big problem on the internet.I did not analyze Q4 because I do not know what the message structure in the promoti onal mix tool. save I did my best what I could do. Thank you for reading my assignment.

Classification of Phylum Porifera

Classification of Phylum PoriferaThe porifera or sponges ar marine animals and they consist of loosely organized cellular telephones.While all animals realise un vary cells that discharge trans pull in into specialized cells, sponges ar unique in having close to specialized cells that give the axe transform into other types, often migrating between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not bewilder nervous, digestive or circulatory strategys. Instead most rely on maintaining a constant irrigate flow through with(predicate) their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to re race wastes, and the shapes of their bodies argon adapted to maximize the efficiency of the weewee flow. All argon stalkless aquatic animals and, although there ar fresh urine species, the great majority ar marine (salt water) species.The outer surface of a sponge is lined with pure flat cells called the pinacocytes. these cells argon mildly contractlie and due to this the shapes of some sponges changes.In many another(prenominal) sponges pinacocytes atomic number 18 specialised into tubelike contractile porocytes. Openings in the porocytes act as pathways for water through the corpse protect and in this way they throw out find out water circulation.Just below the pinacocyte layer of a sponge is a jelly like layer called the mesophyl. The mesenchyme cells also know as amoebiod cells move about the mesophyl and are specialised for reproduction, secreting skeletal elements, transporting and storing food and forming contractile ring around the interruptions in the sponge wall.Choanocytes also called the haul cells which are below the mesophyl line the inner chamber (s), these cells are flagelatted cells that have a peck like ring of microvilli, border a flagellum.a net like lock in is formed in the pass with flying colors when the microfilaments connect the microvilli the flagelum creates water currents through the sponge, and the collar fil ter microscopic food paqrticals from the water.Sponges are supported by a build that may consist of microscopic needlelike spikes called spicules.amoebiod cells form spicules.these spicules are do of calcium carbonate or silica and may sign on on a variety of shapes.Alternatively, the skeleton may be made of spongin (a fibrous protien made of collagen).The temperament of the skeleton is an important characteristic in the sponge taxonomy.Water Flow and Body TypesA spongs life is capable on the water currents the choanocytes create. The flow of the water brings food and oxygen to a sponge and carries forward the metabolic and digestive wastes. The way the food is filtered and how the water circulates ca handlings the phylum to have a certain body type. Three types of bodies have been expound by the zoologists.Ascon these are vase like sponges. Ostia are the outer outsets of porocytes and lead out reform to a chamber called spongocoel. Choanocytes line the spongocoel and water is drawn into it by the flagellar doing of choanocytes through the ostia. Water exits through a single large opening at the top of the sponge called the Osculum.Sycon in this body form, the sponge wall appears to be folded. Water enters a Sycon sponge through openings called dermal pores. cuticular pores are the openings of invaginations of the body wall, called incurrent so-and-soals. Pores in the body wall connect incurrent corporationals to radial tire canals and the radial canals lead to spongocoeal. Radial canals are lined by the choanocytes, and the whipstitch of the choanocyte flagella moves water from the ostia, through incurrent and radial canals, to the spongocoel, and out the Osculum.Leucon sponges have an extensively branched canal system. Water enters the sponge through ostia and moves through branched incurrent canals. Canals leading away from the chambers are called the excurrent canals. Proliferation of chambers and canals has resulted in the absence seizure of a spongocoeal, and often, multiple exits (oscula) for water leaving the sponge.Maintenance and Vital FunctionsSponges pass particles that range in size from 0.1 to 50um. Their food consists of bacteria, microscopic algae, protest, and other hang organic manner. The pray is slowly drawn into the sponge and consumed.Sponges help in reducing the turbidity of coastal waters. A single Leucon sponge, 1 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height can filter in excess of 20 litres of water everyday.Small suspend food particles are filtered by the choanocytes. Water passes through their collar in effect(p) the base of the cell and moves into a sponge chamber at the opening end of the collar. Suspended food is trapped on the collar and travel along the microvilli to the base of the collar, where it is incorporated into a food vacuole. With pH changes and lysosomal enzyme drill the food is digested. Partially digested food is passed to amoeboid cells, which distribute it to other cells.Sponges a re not limited to hunt by the filtration method. Pinococytes lining the incurrent canals may phagocytize larger food particles up to 50um. Nutrients dissolved in the sea water can be actively transported by the sponge.Sponges dont have nerve cells to coordinate body functions. intimately reactions occur due to individuals responding to a stimulus e.g. water circulation in some sponges is minimum at sunrise and at a level best just before sunset because light inhibits the constriction of porocytes and other cells surrounding ostia keeping incurrent canals open. otherwise reactions however suggest some communication among cells. For precedent the rate of water circulation through the sponge can drop absolutely without and ap produce external cause. This reaction can be due however choanocytes ceasing activities more or less simultaneously, and this implies some form of internal communication. The nature of this communication is unknown. Amoeboid cells transmitting chemicals me ssages and ion movement over cell surfaces are possible control mechanisms.Due to the presence of an extensive canal system and circulation of large volumes of water through sponges, all sponge cells are in close contact with water and so the nitrogenous waste removal and gaseous exchange occurs by diffusionSome sponges army photosynthesizing micro-organisms as endosymbionts and this coalation often results in the production of more food and oxygen than can be consumed. Freshwater sponges often host green algae as endosymbionts within archaeocytes and other cells, and benefit from nutrients produced by the algae. Many marine species host other photosynthesizing organisms.The spicules made of silica conduct light into the mesohyl, where the photosynthesizing endosymbionts live. Sponges that host photosynthesizing organisms are commonest in waters with relatively poor supplies of food particles, and often have leafy shapes that maximize the amount of sunlight they collect.Few sponge s are carnivorous. They can capture small crustaceans using spicule-covered filaments. In most cases little is known about how they actually capture prey. Most known carnivorous sponges have completely lost the water flow system and choanocytes.Sponges do not have the complex insubordinate systems of most other animals. However they pass up grafts from other species but accept them from other members of their own species. In a few marine species, grey cells act as the guards for the sponges. When invaded, they produce a chemical that stops movement of other cells in the affected area, thus preventing the intruder from using the sponges internal transport systems. If the intrusion persists, the grey cells collect in the area and release toxins that kill all cells in the area. The immune systems stay activated for up to 3 weeks or so.ReproductionMost sponges are monoecious but do not usually egotism fertilise because individual produce eggs and sperms at different cartridge cli ps. trus bothrthy choanocytes lose their collar and their flagella undergo meiosis and form flagellated sperms. Other choanocytes and amoeboid cells in some sponges probably undergo meiosis to form eggs. Sperm and eggs are released from sponge oscula. Fertilisation occurs in the nautical water resulting in planktonic larvae development. In some sponges the eggs are retained inside the mesophyl of the parent. Sperm cells exit one sponge through the Osculum and enter another sponge with the incurrent water. Choanocytes trap the sperms and incorporate them into vacuole. The choanocytes lose their collar and flagellum they become amoeboids, and transport the sperm to the eggs.In some sponges, primal development occurs in the mesophyl. Cleavage of a zygote results in the organization of a flagellated larval stage. The breaks free and is carried the water carries it away from the parent sponge. After about two days the larva settles in a accommodate environment and starts to mature in to and adult.Asexual reproduction also occurs in some sponges. This involves the formation of resistant capsules, called gemmules which contain masses of amoeboid cells. At the remainder of the parent sponge in winter, gemmules are released from them which can survive unbecoming conditions. When favourable condition are observed in spring time the amoeboid cells stream out of a tiny opening, called the micropyle, and organise into a sponge.Some sponges have the remarkable power of regeneration. Though this is possible if the right cells are present in the sponge. A few species reproduce by buddingEcologySponges are very competitive for living dummy .Many sponges shed spicules, forming a dense carpet several meters deep that keeps away organism which would otherwise prey on the sponges. They also produce toxins that prevent other sessile organisms such as bryozoans or sea squirts from growing on or near them.Sponges are important ecological constituents of bring down communities , but they do not commonly contribute to the construction of get down frameworks.HabitatsSponges are worldwide in their distribution, from the Polar Regions to the tropics. Most are entrap to be in quiet and clear waters because sediment excited up by waves or currents block their pores, making it difficult for them to feed and breathe. The greatest numbers of sponges are usually found on bulletproof surfaces such as rocks, but some sponges are found on soft sediment they attach themselves by means of a root-like base.Sponges are more abundant but less diverse in moderate waters than in tropical waters, possibly because organisms that prey on sponges are more abundant in tropical waters.UsesThe calcium carbonate or silica spicules are too rough for most uses, but two genera, Hippospongia and Spongia, have soft, entirely fibrous skeletons. Early Europeans used soft sponges for many purposes including padding for helmets, portable drinking utensils and municipal water filters. Spo nges were used as cleaning tools, applicators for paints and ceramic glazes and discreet contraceptives.The luffa sponge, which is commonly sold for use in the kitchen or the shower, is not derived from an animal but from the fibrous skeleton of a gourd.Sponges have medicinal potential due to the presence in sponges themselves or their microbial symbionts of chemicals that may be used to control viruses, bacteria, tumours and fungi.

The Liquid Ring Pump

The crystal clear Ring PumpThe public presentation of a both- gift semi bland sidestep sum with wet as the sealer crystal clear was investigated nether stand-al unity conditions. The parameters varied in this experiment were the cool down constitution peeing f number 1rate and intake standard atmosphere saturationtrical flowingrate which requires the sealer piddle temperature and spiriting speed respectively. Pressure and temperature readings were taken to calculate the compressing b family and cogency across the silverity syndicate nerve. It was found that efficiency improved at melloweder alter body of weewee flowrates and lower sealant water supply flowrates. As the inhalation propagate throng flowrate was increased, it was also detect that the suck drive, handleing speed, and crunch engage increased. These trends comp are sound to similar investigations do in literature. Assumptions made to describe the military operation of the LRP were iso caloric condensate, ideal gunman, dry institutionalize as intake blow, and no dismissal of vital force to the surroundings. Energy relief done across the runny work party gist showed an agreement to literature (1) that equal conglutination was found to be more thermodynamic all in ally efficient compared to an adiabatic process. Further work stand be done by investigating he pumps performance victimisation different sealant mobiles, adit gas moisture content, and in participation with reflux/reboiler and reflux/condenser.Problem StatementMorton Labs Inc. has commissioned an independent valuation of their liquid edge pump rig. They would like a explanation on the performance of the pump under a wide position of conditions and its suitableness to run low with the Reboiler/Condenser and Reflux/Condenser rigs in their plant.Group A3 was undeniable to plan and carry protrude experiments that suffer domiciliate data for much(prenominal)(prenominal ) evaluation. The evaluation should include identify and energy residuum calculations, performance data and an analysis and description of the conduct of the pump as well as either suitable model.You forget earn access to their facility and pull up stakes be shown how to operate the equipment.IntroductionThe concept of vanity has long been the defeat of interest of philosophers since the times of the Ancient Greeks imputable to its profound uniqueness and was re take a crapd by physical means with the creation of what skunk now be set forth as the runner hoover cleaner pump by Otto von Guericke in 1650. (2) va brush offcy pumps have been steadily improved and advanced since then but it was non until huge advances in the late 19th and early 20th blow paved the path to what would become a vital organ in several industries such as chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries. (2) In a typical paper mill for example, vacuity is mainly apply to pay heed the removal of w ater in wire drainage and pressing sections in addition to several other purposes. (3) For such an industry, liquid shout vacuum pumps are utilized in order to create the vacuum essential for the mentioned processes. (4)In order to produce vacuums in the most efficient manner, the behavior and performance of liquid ring pumps needs to be studied in order to reduce be of operation and reduce energy consumption. several(prenominal) investigations such as those by Powle and Kar (4) and Chilvers and Love (5) on measuring the behaviour of liquid ring pumps have been conducted referable to the importance of determine performance.The heading of this set of experiments is to look out the performance of the 2 chassis Hicks Hargreaves SLR type liquid ring pump the dictated on the B-floor of the Morton Laboratory. Performance can be described by variable flow conditions of the sealant water and modify water supplied to the liquid ring pump and taking insisting and temperature meas urements accordingly.This hatch go along start by describing the operation of liquid ring pumps and the skilful surmise employ to describe their performance, followed by the observational plan and the methodology. The data collected take into account then be analysed in order to create trends describing the calculus work and the isothermal efficiency of the pump in question. The report will be concluded by suggesting possible areas to be advance studied in addition to answering the objective of the experiment.Background tranquil Ring Pump (LRP)The liquid ring pump operates as a vacuum pump using liquid as a coalition agent. It consists of a metal cylindrical body containing an impeller and blades set off sum of money with respect to the central line of the pump. The liquid ring pump moldiness then be partially filled with a liquid which will act as the sealant and results in forming a vacuum. This is illustrated in direct 1A. The sealant liquid can be either water, oi l or a solvent, depending on the application of the pump. When the impeller starts to rotate it throws the liquid in the pump against the walls by centrifugal force. This will cause the impeller blades closest to the wall to be completely submerged in the liquid sealant and the impeller blades furthest outdoor(a) from the wall create a emptiness space with the liquid ring. This is because the impeller is set off centre. This void space sealed off by the liquid and the impeller can be seen by looking at turn 1B. As the impeller rotates anti-clockwise from the top to the bottom, the area of void between the impeller and liquid sealant expands. This creates a sucking force which draws gaseous smooth into the pump intake, as the impeller carries on rotating anti-clockwise from the bottom to the top the liquid is forced closer to the impeller compressing the void space and creating a compression force which pushes the gaseous fluid out of the pump publication along with a littl e bit of the liquid sealant, this is because the liquid is highly turbulent inside the pump. (6)A two stage liquid ring pump is the same as described preceding(prenominal) but with two cycles in series so that the electric number from the rootage stage is the respite of the second stage. Typical values of the vacuum insistence in a two stage pump decreases to 25 mmHg from 35mmHg in a single stage pump. This shows it is much more efficient at creating the desired low vacuum which roll outs from 22.5mmHg to 750mmHg.(B)(A) stick out 1 Illustration of liquid ring pump operation (7) liquefied ring pumps are commonly use on reflux / condenser and reboiler / condenser organizations. One such system is the removal of production line from steam surface condensers and other industrial processes. The liquid ring pump would be employed to evacuate stress and any non-condensable gases from a condenser the gas removal is done to eliminate the insulating work of the gases present which affects the heat transfer between the steam and cooling medium. This greatly improves the efficiency of the heat transfer system and results in a little condenser surface area required, indeed saving space and costs of running a larger condenser. Typically for running such systems a two-stage liquid ring pump would be favoured to create a hogging operation. The first stage of the pump is use to evacuate the ventilate from the condenser at very high squashs and then the second stage is used to hone the efficiency of the pump and reduce the amount of peak power required. (8) emptiness pumps are important units in plants that are involved in legion(predicate) applications like processing food, plastic processes, medical process that requires, etc. in that respect are three types of vacuum pumps which can be concluded as molecular pumps which use very high speed jet of fluid, imperious deracination pumps that enlarge the cavity and seal it off in customary and entrapment pump s that traps fluid in solids. A liquid ring pump driblets under the displacement pumps category, however there difference that distinguishes it from other displacement pumps. This is due to a liquid ring being formed, it creates a high convective heat and down transfer phenomenon which dissipates the thermal effect of compression and achieves come on isothermal behaviour. The effect of instantaneous convective heat and mass transfer is so rapid that the gas spill temperature is noted to be close to the sealant inlet temperature almost instantaneously. Because of this effect the discharge temperature remains roughly incessant, and since the volumetric flowrate also remains nearly constant then with high suck mash the mass discharge can be enhanced. This causes the liquid ring pump to have express evacuation during start up and faster turnaround during cycling. (1)Liquid ring pumps can use a mixed bag of liquids, water is the most common, and the choice is generally tie in to the pull you need to be operational at. Oil is also commonly used as a liquid sealant, since oil has a very low vapor blackjack it is typically used in nimbus-cooled systems. The liquid ring pump is also ideally suited for solvent recovery such as toluene provided the cooling water keeps the vapor air insistence of the sealant down to produce the required vacuum. Ionic fluids also can be used to reduce the pressure from about 70mbar to on a lower floor 1mbar. (9)Cavitation is considered a major(ip) issue that is associated with liquid ring pumps due to the fluid environment creating low pressures. At very low pressure, 35 mmHg, water boils at 31.7 C. Therefore, it is essential to keep the sealant at low temperatures by give a cooling water flowrate to the system. Inertial cavitation is caused when the pressure falls below the vapor pressure and cause bubbles to form. These bubbles then start to collapse due to the high pressure of the surrounding medium as the pump sta rts to compress. As the bubble is collapsing the pressure and temperature inside rapidly start to increase, the bubble will eventually collapse, and this releases the gas into the surrounding liquid with a violent appliance where the energy is released in a shock-wave. This can cause a series of craters and holes along the impeller this can reduce efficiency of the pump and can be seen in figure 2. form 2 CavitationWe can see the component part of cavitation caused by the result water temperature, controlling suction pressure and air flowrate illustrated in figure 3 below. recruit 3 run across 3 shows how a pump can operate within a off the hook(predicate) region and then be carried into the cavitation region with only an increase in temperature. The graph also shows how the liquid in the pump vaporizes under certain conditions. For our experiment it makes sense to control the safe operation of the pump by supplying a cooling water stream. This will keep the temperature down a nd out of the cavitation region. It is also easier to control as the air flowrate depends on the rig that the liquid ring pump may be connected up to. And the suction pressure will have local variation within the pump. (10)Orifice meter for determining air flowratesThe flowmeter used by the DeltaV software in the control room, was used to provide data on inlet air flowrates into the liquid ring pump and was unfortunately wrong(p). This meant the real time recordings of air flowrates could not be supplied. Thus, standardization of the orifice meter was necessary to determine the inlet air flowrates. see ? Orifice meterA square-edged orifice with radius taps was used to calibrate the inlet air flowrate into the Liquid ring pump. Pressure tappings attached to mercury manometers were located one scream diameter upstream and one-half pipe diameter downstream from the orifice menage as shown in go into ?.Bernoullis compare for incompressible, inviscid flow along a streamline (11) without shaft workWhere is the inlet pressure (upstream pressure in this case), Pais the outlet pressure (downstream pressure in this case), Paare the inlet and outlet velocity respectively, m s-1is the density of the fluid, kg m-3is the gravity acceleration, m s-2, are the inlet and outlet elevation respectively, mThe continuity equation gives (11)Where and are the inlet and outlet cross-sectional area respectively, m2The volumetric air flowrate across the orifice plate can be expressed by substituting Eq. (2.2.2) into Eq. (2.2.1) to giveWhere is the volumetric air flowrate across the orifice plate, m3 s-1is the coefficient of dischargeis the orifice cross-sectional area, m2is the pipe cross-sectional area, m2A typical equation relating the discharge coefficient, as a function of and Reynolds number, Re, was adapted to calibrate the orifice meterWith the conditions of andWhere is the viscosity of the fluid, Pa.sTo calibrate the air flowrate across the orifice plate, the cooling wa ter flowrate was kept constant and the pressure exclude across the manometers were taken for 10-70 number of turns on Valve 11.6 for varying cooling water flowrates. From typical values of 0.61-0.65 (12), was used as the sign guess for iterations to take place. After three iterations, the values of between the match iterations differ within an order of 10-6 and at the third iteration were used for calculations in this report. Where did the valve come from? Relate to diagram?2,5,8,11 what?Figure 2 calibration of inlet air mass flowrates across orifice plate give similar trend and magnitude for varying cooling water flowratesFigure 2 indicates that the varying cooling water flowrates do not affect the air mass flowrates across the orifice plate. Thus, the inlet air mass flowrates depends only on the number of turns on Valve 11.6. Average inlet air mass flowrates for cooling water at 2, 5, 8, and 11 kg h-1 were used to produce the following equation in Figure 3 which will be the ca libration used in this experiment.Figure 3 standardization of averaged inlet mass air flowrate across orifice plateAssumptionsTemperature partFigure 4 Double Stage Pump (13)The suction pressure created falls within the localise of approximately 106 to 531 torr while the temperature of sealant water used entered the pump at approximately 55F. These conditions fall within a region where the gradient of the graph is very amiable and the value of the temperature factor is around 1.0. Therefore, the temperature factor to be applied to the flowrate of sealant water is approximately the same even as inlet pressure changes. Also, even as the cooling water flowrate was changed, the sealant water temperature was observed to remain around 55F. The temperature factor to be applied would not be greatly affected by either of the two operating(a) variables, namely the cooling water flowrate and the inlet air mass flowrate which affects the suction pressure. Since the temperature factor is appr oximately 1.0, it can be put on that the mass flowrate of sealant water entering the pump and leaving the pump to be the same, fashioning the vaporisation of air negligible. This assumption is investigated by performing a mass balance across the pump taking into account vaporisation of air during the compression process. approach airIt is sham that the inlet air into the Liquid ring pump contains no moisture, thus we refer to the inlet air as dry air.The heat exchanger is assumed to have light speed% efficiency in heat transfer between the pump, sealant water, and cooling water streams. assuming no heat loss to the surroundings, the compression work done by the pump is equal to the heat gained by the cooling water in the heat exchanger. For the purpose of calculating efficiency of the Liquid ring pump for this experiment, it is found to be more to calculate compression work from the cooling water heat gain.Steady State desiccation pressureVapour pressure refers to the pressur e in the gas phase when the liquid and gas phase of a system are in residual. The vapour pressure of the sealant liquid into the Liquid ring pump plays an important role in determining the pump capacity. At higher(prenominal)(prenominal) temperatures of sealant liquid, the vapour pressure increases and more vaporisation occurs, causing a lower flowrate of air into the pump which results in low pump capacity.Although it index seem that maximum cooling of the sealant water index be a good idea, care must be taken that the sealant water temperature do not fall so low that cavitation might occur in the Liquid ring pump. more on cavitation in limitations section In this experiment, the temperature of the sealant liquid is varied by changing the cooling water flowrates. The relationship between vapour pressure and pump capacity is investigated.From Antoines equation, the vapour pressure of a liquid within a range of a function of temperature can be laid (14)Where T is the temperature , Kis the saturation vapour pressure, mmHgare constants for specific materials. For an air-water system, the standard Antoine coefficients are A=8.05573, B=1723.64, C=233.076 C, binding between temperatures of 0.01 C and 373.98 C. (15)A relationship between the vapour pressure and temperature can be obtained from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation (16)Where T1 and T2 are temperatures at condition rural area 1 and state 2 respectively, Kand are vapour pressures at T1 and T2 respectively, Pais the heat of vaporisation, kJ/kgIsothermal Systemwork done across T2 to T4 equals T7 to T6 T4,6,7?The compression process of a liquid ring pump can be approximated to an isothermal operation at inlet sealant water temperatures. (1) During compression, mechanical energy is converted to compression work and degenerate as thermal energy. The liquid ring formed in the pump provides high heat convection and mass transfer which dissipates the thermal energy, creating a near-isothermal operation. This p henomenon occurs in such a short time scale that the system reaches equilibrium rapidly, and the outlet gas temperature approximates the inlet sealant liquid temperature. Mallick (1) describes this as an accomplishment of highest degree of thermodynamic efficiency of compression. Need temperatures to prove thisdensification workFrom the beginning(a) Law of Thermodynamics, isothermal compression work of an ideal gas can be expressed by (16)Where W is work, JP is absolute pressure, PaV is total volume of the system, m3Assuming ideal gas behaviour applies (verify this),Where m is mass, kgV1 is the inlet volume, m3V2 is the outlet volume, m3R is the gas constant, Pa m3 kg-1 K-1T is the temperature, KFor an isothermal system (17)PV = constantWhere Wc is the compression work, JEquation ? is divided by time t, to express the compression work,Substituting= m/t = Where is the mass flowrate, kg s-1t is time, sAnd equation ? in equation ?, the compression work of a vacuum pump at any pressur e P, for an isothermal system can be derived to be (4)Where is the pumping speed of the liquid ring pumpis the conjectural power consumed for an isothermal process, kWPump efficiencyThe efficiency of the liquid ring pump is a vital factor in decision making the suit competency of the pump for its purpose. done experimental investigation, we varied cooling water flow rate and air mass flow rate to determine the condition where the liquid ring pump is the most efficient. From theory, we have assumed an isothermal operating condition which leads us to calculating the efficiency, of the pump asWhereWiso,c is defined as the compression work done under isothermal conditionsWactual,c is defined as the heat content gain and Wactual,c = m Cp T. Units?m is the sealant water mass flowrate, units?Cp is the specific heat capacity of the sealant water (4.912 KJ/Kg.K)T is the measured difference in discharge and suction temperatures inwhich our case will be (T6 -T7) (18) Where have they come f rom?Figure 5 Title (19)3.0 Mass and energy balance3.1 Mass balanceDuring compression in the liquid ring pump, mechanical work is converted to thermal energy and dissipated, potentially vaporising the sealant water used for compression. Assuming the inlet air is dry air with no water content, the mass balance across the LRP isMass balance on the gas componentAssumingThis can be rearranged to giveWhere is the humidity ratio obtained from the psychometric chart for the air-water system at standard atmospheric pressure (20). By determining the relative humidity, RH, the value of HR at any temperature can be determined from the psychometric chart.Where is the vapour pressure which can be determined by Eq. ? (Antoine), Pais the saturation vapour pressure, PaMass balance on the liquid component3.2 Energy balanceTotal energy balance of a unit mass of fluid is given by (14)Where are internal energy at the inlet and outlet respectively, Jis the gravitational acceleration, m s-2z1 and z2 are the elevation at inlet and outlet respectively, mand are the velocities at inlet and outlet respectively, m s-1q fire up absorbed from the surroundings units?Ws work done by the fluid on the surroundings units?Assumptions made for the energy balance across the pumpsince the system is operating horizontally with no elevation between inlet and outletKinetic energy is assumed to be negligible since it is insignificant compared to enthalpy change.Negligible heat loss from the system, . This assumes an adiabatic process.Substituting the relationAndWhere h is the specific enthalpy, kJ kg-1The energy balance equation reduces toWhich isWhere and are the inlet and outlet mass flowrates respectively, kg s-1and are inlet and outlet specific enthalpy respectively, kJ kg-1MethodologyApparatusFigure 6 Process Flow draw of observational Set-upLiquid Ring PumpSealant Water armoured combat vehicleScrubberThermocouplesMercury ManometersRotameterOrifice PlateDeltaV systemExperimental programFirst ly, we identified two operating variables that could be varied to investigate the performance of the pump. The two variables are the inlet air flowrate and the memory tank cooling water flowrate.The inlet air flowrate could be manipulated by a flow control valve over a range of 8 to 70 turns. By calculating the pressure drop across an orifice plate and plotting a calibration diverge, we were able to get the mass flowrate associated with the number of turns on the valve.The storage tank cooling water could be manipulated over a range of 0.5 to 12.5 m3h-1. The adjacent flowmeter gives a measurement of the cooling water flowrate into the heat exchanger around the sealant water storage tank.A full set of measurements were taken to obtain pressure, flowrate and temperature data as we changed the operating variables. Pressure data was obtained for the pressure drop across the orifice plate, and the suction, interstage and outlet pressures for the pump through with(predicate) mercury man ometers. Flowrate data was taken from a rotameter that measured the volumetric flowrate of the sealant water. Temperature data was extracted by the DeltaV logging software in the control room.Experimental ProcedureThe following procedure was conducted over two experimental runs. Through repeating the procedure, we were able to test the reproducibility of our results and reduce the effect of random errors on our results.Set and maintain cooling water flowrate at 2m3hr-1. kickoff signal with the maximum air flowrate at 70 turns we waited for veritable(a) state to be achieved before taking the manometer readings for suction, interstage, outlet, orifice plate and rotameter readings for the sealant water flowrate.The air flowrate was then decreased to 60 turns followed by 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10 turns, all the while ensuring that steady state is reached before taking the readings.The full range of measurements from 70 to 10 turns for the inlet air flowrate was similarly taken at cooling water flowrates of 5, 8 and 11m3hr-1.LimitationsIn determining if the system is at steady state, the flowrate readings that can be monitored from the control room will provide good indication once the rate stabilises. However, the range of the flowmeter is limited beyond 119m3/hr (between 40 and 50 turns on V11.6). Therefore, the mercury manometer that reads the pressure drop across the orifice plate should be used to determine steady state after 40 turns on V11.6. A calibration curve will be plotted to relate the inlet air flowrate and the pressure drop across the orifice plate for mass flow calculations.Also, the flowmeter was faulty on our second run which meant that we would have to solely depend on our calibration curve to determine the inlet air mass flowrate at any number of turns.Analysis of resultsIn the investigation of the performance of the two stage liquid ring pump, we ran the pump under different operating conditions by varying two variables the air mass flowrates int o the pump and cooling water flowrates. Pressures of the suction, interstage and outlet of the pump were measured and used to evaluate the pumps performance at different conditions, hence determining the efficiency of the pump. As the behaviour of inlet air mass flowrate, sealant water flowrate, suction pressure, compression work and pumping speed showed almost identical trends for different cooling water flowrates, an average of the four measurements were used.Sealant LiquidThe sealant liquid used in the experiment is water and the compressed fluid is air. Before starting the run, the pump is filled with a specific level of water to find out that there is sufficient sealant liquid to create vacuum. As the sealant fluid shares the same space in the pump as the fluid to be compressed, it would be evaluate that as the flowrate of the latter is increased, the flowrate of the sealant liquid decreases.Figure 7 Average Sealant Water Flowrate vs Inlet send off Mass FlowrateFrom figure 7 , it can be seen that as the inlet air mass flowrate increases, the sealant water flowrate into the pump decreases. This is in line with the expected trend since the compressed air occupies a much greater volume in the pump at higher air mass flowrates. suck PressureVacuum is created by the liquid ring pump due to the pressure difference between the start and the pump inlet. In the experiment, the source is air at atmospheric pressure and the inlet pressure is the suction pressure created by the pump. A low suction pressure would say to a big pressure difference, creating vacuum. (21)Figure 8 The average inlet air mass flowrate for varying cooling water flowrates was plotted against suction pressureFigure 8 shows the trend we obtained where suction pressure increases as inlet air flowrate is increased. This shows that at lower air flowrates, more vacuum is created at a low suction pressure. As the air flowrate is increased, the ability to create vacuum decreases resulting in a hig her vacuum pressure.Figure 9 The relationship between dry air capacity and suction pressure at a temperature of 20 C obtained from literature. (22)As it is assumed that dry air is used and that its density remains constant throughout, the experimental results in Figure 8 can be compared to results obtained from literature in Figure 9. A similar trend is observed where there is the suction pressure is greater as the dry air capacity increases.Figure 10 Table categorising the degree of vacuum according to the absolute pressure of operation. (23)This experiment operates within a range of suction pressures which averages to approximately (1.41-6.00) x104 Pa abs. From figure 10, the range categorises the liquid ring pump as one that creates low vacuum. Low vacuum is sufficient in many industrial applications such as distillation in the petrochemical industry which keeps the liquid ring pump as a relevant piece of plant equipment.Compression Work(Sample calculations for a cooling water fl owrate of 11 m3h-1 at 30 numbers ofturns) shifted to appendixTo calculate compression work under isothermal conditions, we can use Equation 3.7.11Figure 12 shows that greater compression work is done by the pump with change magnitude suction pressure.From figure 12(above), it can be seen that greater compression work is done with increasing suction pressure. Based on the inlet air mass flowrate that we used, the suction pressure we created with the pump ranges from 106 to 531 torr. The graph of the suction pressure against compression work shows a similar trend to literature values shown below in figure 11(below) for the same range.Figure 11 Effect of suction pressure compression work (4)Removed figure 13Effect of Inlet Pressure on Pumping SpeedFigure 15 Pumping Speed at different temperatures of sealant liquid (4)It can be seen from the graph Figure 15 that the change in pumping speed gradually becomes smaller.The inlet pressure (suction pressure) that we obtained from varying the inlet air mass flowrate falls within the range of around 106 to 531 torr. Therefore, we should obtain the same trend of pumping speed with increasing inlet pressure.Figure 16 Pumping speed changes with increasing suction pressureReplaced the graph with a newer one showing the right denotation for units on the y axisFigure 16 shows that the experimental results obtained agree with results obtained from literature. With increasing inlet pressure, the pumping speed increases while the gradient of the graph decreases.5.5 EfficiencyFigure 17 Plot of Isothermal Efficiency Vs Sealant Water Mass FlowrateFigure 17 shows that isothermal efficiency decreases with increasing sealent water flowrate. This result agrees with theory as we know from theory, the efficiency of the pump is affected by the vacuum capacity, and with an increase in sealent water flowrate, more vapour will be formed from the increased amount of sealent water forming the ring-liquid when the vacuum pressure approaches the vapour pressure of the sealent liquid. The increase in vapour volume released from the increase in sealent water will decrease the vacuum capacity and therefore simplification efficiency.Figure18 Plot of Efficiency Vs Cooling Water FlowrateFigure 18 shows that a higher cooling water flowrate will result in higher efficiency. The above trend is derived from the isothermal efficiency of the system at a fixed sealant water flowrate of 0.27 kg s-1. The cooling water flowrate is related to the enthalpy gain of the sealant water and consequently the isothermal efficiency. A higher flowrate would mean that the enthalpy gain is lower and that isothermal efficiency is higher which can be seen from equation 2.8.1.From the above results we can therefore conclude that the liquid ring pump is most efficient at the highest cooling water flowrate and a sealant water flowrate of 0.27 kg s-1 which translates to air flowrate at 60 turns flowing into the pump.Remove

European Union

European matrimonyWhat ar the well-nigh pregnant issues liner the European fusion today and why?The European Union is an integration of European states that encompasses different histories, institutions, semipolitical systems and economies. At present the EU boasts 27 phallus countries with a combined population of over cholecalciferol million. The creation of a single currency, the euro, has light-emitting diode these citizens to dep finis heavily on the union for the success of their respective economies. Furthermore, many others nations out with EU legal power rely on the EU for trade, finance and investment aid. Political historians such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Leonard (2005) pick up repugnd that the EU has been in a state of crisis since its inception. However, despite such problems, the EU has emerged as a strong, steady and powerful specialty in the global political arena.The dawn of the 21st century has brought with it irreverent challenges for the EU to addr ess. Many of these issues were outlined by EU President Jose Manuel Barroso in a speech at the European Parliament in 2007. Barroso deferred paymentd economicalal reforms, unemployment, social justice and climate stir as being matters of pressing concern (2007). This essay serves to grittylight these problems and explain why they are the most all-important(prenominal) issues facing the European Union today.One of the major problems facing the EU is the ever increasing levels of unemployment affecting the majority of the portion states. Barroso (2007) express that close to 20 million EU citizens were classed as unemployed. More worryingly, Barroso evince that many of those out of work were of a younger demographic. Modigliani (2005) warned that such judge of unemployment set up induce to resources being wasted, a decline in sidetrack and thus a loss in savings and investment at bottom the economy. Modigliani also hastened to add that unemployment levels can range to c omplicated and long-standing social problems as individuals affected can grow despondent and discouraged by the pretermit of job opportunities. Therefore, unemployment is an important issue impinging on all of the EU states.Bertola (2000) alluded to labour market participation rank, wage inequality, employment dispersion across EU regions and market performance as being the major causes of high unemployment levels at bottom the EU. Labour market performance is guided by establishment and institutional policies in the EU which in turn regard stripped-down wages, assessation and unemployment benefits. Room (2006) and Barroso (2007) argue that although there are many ship canal to shrivel unemployment, such as wage differentiation and geographical mobility, such measures could alter the economic and political equilibrium currently in nates in the EU. Additionally, Wallstrom (2007) is quick to point out that although the elimination of unemployment subsidies across the EU stat es would reduce unemployment levels, it would in consequence increment the poverty and crime rates thus leading to accelerated levels of social exclusion. As a result, these repercussions engender raised alarming concerns for twain public and politicians alike as the EU struggles to implement a programme of reform to address the situation. Access to the member states products, capital and labour resources could provide economic efficiency but the levels of regulating required would sustain extremely hard to sustain.In response to the maturement problems with unemployment, the EU Commission has proposed some measures designed to tackle the issue. These include a revamp of the member states growth and job strategies as well as increasing investment on research and development. It is hoped that this in turn would lead to change magnitude economic output and thus the creation of jobs in the process. However, Wallstrom (2007) argues this could prove a difficult task given the hete rogeneous social and economic structures of the EU member states. Additionally, the collapse of the world economy in 2008 has lead to a global recession and has seen employment levels in the EU increase dramatically. The Employment in Europe Report (2009) estimated unemployment levels in Europe would evolve the10% mark in 2010 and would continue to rise.The issue of climate change has coif to the fore spectacularly in the 21st century and is another important issue facing the European Union. Changes in climate variations are occurring almost the globe raising genuine concerns about the stability of the planets ecosystem. According to Schroter (2005) these deviations may have a direct affect on levels of food intersection and water supplies. For example, Berkhout (2005) noted harvest failure within a demesne can impact the price of certain food commodities in the EU due to imports. Brandt (2001) explains that these festering concerns lead to the implementation of the Kyoto Pro tocol an environmentally matey insurance policy sanctioned via the United Nations Framework Convention on humor Change designed to bring glasshouse gas emissions under control in 1997.In the summer of 2003, a heat flap engulfed more of Europe resulting in record temperatures being recorded. Beniston (2004) stated that the heat wave bore a resemblance to the type of temperatures anticipated by the end of the 21 century. Beniston (2004) concluded that due to an enhanced atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gas, summer temperatures could be expected to increase by 4 degrees celsius on average. According to Christiansen Wettestad (2003), the EU generates one of the highest levels of greenhouse gas emissions and accounts for 25% of the worlds production. Brandt (2001) states the EU expects that there will be a 0.8% increase in carbon copyic acid gas emissions annually. Furthermore, the EU faces additional problems with its failure to persuade its members to adopt the carbon tax due to the many rules and regulations incorporated in the policy (Christiansen Wettestad, 2003).The use of fossil fuels is another factor that leads to global warming and can have a detrimental long term affect on the climate. Kruger Pizer (2004) cite that increased emission levels due to the development of the transport sector have led to further issues for the EU to address. These substantial growths in emission output can have a direct impact on allowance prices if the EU attempted to meet Kyoto Protocol targets by using offset purchases.The growing carbon market is another area of concern for the European Union. Howse Eliason (2008) argue that it is crucial levels of carbon footprint are monitored in order to reduce emissions in the air. According to Kruger et al. (2007) the European Union launched an emissions trading program in 2005 with the aim of meeting the Kyoto Protocol targets for tackling climate change. However, the complexity of the European Union Emissions Tr ading System (EU ETS) is causing the member states to experience various political and economic challenges as they attempt to meet the targets set by the Kyoto Protocol.Howse Eliason (2008) cite that an investigation carried out by the Financial Times concluded that a number of companies operating within EU boundaries receive unjust carbon credits and that this is causing an unfair subsidy distribution in EU states. Howse Eliason, (2008) claim this is an issue because the results do not coincide with emissions reduction. Therefore, the EU inevitably to devise strategies to regulate such outcomes.The issue of gage measures is another hindrance facing the European Union. Kicinger (2004) writes that external threats to security present far great problems than those posed internally. To put it simply, this is because these threats cannot be predicted. One such threat is terrorism. Wallstrom (2007) argues that although Europes policy of passport- exculpate travel is beneficial for business and tourism, it allows cross-border terrorists and criminals freedom of access within the member states. Terrorism is a major issue because innocent peoples lives are at stake. Schilder Hauschild (2004) note that EU states are also used as a base to plan and devise terrorist attacks. These criminals deploy state of the art resources, have well maintained networks and are capable of resorting to horrific levels of violence. Kicinger (2004) writes that Al basis an Islamist fundamental group formed in the late 1980s and noteworthy for its terrorist activities housed logistical cells in the EU member states of the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Spain. Therefore, the concentrated enterprise of the EU to tackle such problems is crucial.Another security concern for the EU is the technological advancements in modern arms. This puts the current security measures in dictate by the EU in question. Flow of trade and investment within the European states has given rise to th e prosperity of the EUs inhabitants. However, in spite of the advantages that free trade has brought, it has also heightened the threat of internal terrorism. Europe is now a playground for organised crime and is rife with drug trafficking, illegal immigrants and harlotry (Schilder Hauschild, 2004).Cross-border and neighboring threats also add to the security concerns of the European Union. Disputes in Kashmir and the Korean Peninsula as detailed by Schilder Hauschild (2004) affected the EU member states both directly and indirectly. The European Union Commission has pledged to combat the security threat and via foreign policy and crisis management initiatives have made comestible for security. According to Barroso (2007), these include securing borders with member states and with international countries more effectively. Moreover, the EU is attempting to regulate policies and agreements with their transatlantic partners in order to minimise any threats posed to security althou gh this is proving a difficult task to achieve.In conclusion, since its formation in 1993, the European Union has served to address a great number of important issues. These issues are not solely confined to the borders of EU but are usually dealt with throughout the world. This essay has highlighted the EUs growing problems with unemployment levels, focused on the pearls of climate change and has detailed the threat of terrorism to the EUs stability. These are just a few of the important issues facing the European Union today.

Essay --

By definition classroom perplexity a term used by teachers to describe the bring of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior by students. Classroom worry is a very big part of teaching, close as big as the lesson itself. From my experiences most classes that feature EBD and students with disabilities, you may charter 5 students with special needs, 3 students that need to make up work, 3 disruptive students, 2 students with ADHD, 3 students who dont founder their books or home work, 6 students who decided not to bring a draw and two who have no more notebook paper, and all of this is on the close days. Under these circumstances it is easy to see why a teacher wouldnt be successful. An effective teachers trounce tool for situations wish this is classroom management. While knowing your subject is the first step to cosmos a good teacher, you wouldnt be able pass the fellowship along to the students without effective discipline and classroom ma nagement.I think its inevitable that youll run into some problems just now you learn on the job. Its important to set rules and boundaries. I think kids alike(p) you better when you have structure. As the year goes on you foundation joke or have a light moment with them. Thats one of the things I like most about teaching, just those relationships. But if you break to early you can never go back down. You can get less strict but not more.A teachers approach to classroom management will vary depending on factors like psychological, education level of the student, social, cultural, boilersuit classroom level the physical conditions of the school and organization structure. Classroom management is the first and basic step of educational administration. Classroom is a endue where in is ... ...cher and student believe in. A great deal of students with EBD or disabilities lack emotional discipline as well as maturity date that are needed to remain on-task for each extended period o f time. Reprimanding the students for their sneak off in focus will not get them to get back on track but most likely cause them to extract even more. Building in short breaks or rest periods into your lessons is a great way to give the students a chance to shake of any frustration and remain on task. Strategies for teaching these kinds of students should be based about changing their behavior and making it more positive and more cogitate on education, rather then the traditional school format of lesson, lesson, lesson. The best classroom management systems are focused on including students and praising good accomplishments, rather then trying to discourage bad behavior though punishment.

Japanese Americans internment :: essays research papers

Nipponese Americans internmentJust a moment beforehand the final call for flight Belgrade-London-Los Angeles, my girlfriend gave me a wrapped empower and she asked me not to open it before I arrive to my final destination. I couldnt wait so long and I opened it conscionable after I arrived in London. It was the Easy English dictionary with trueness on the first page. She wished me the best with the quoteAll persons born or naturalized in the joined States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the get together States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce some(prenominal) law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any State rifle any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor to renounce to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. (The Constitution, Amendment XVI, passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868). All my sadness disappea passing after I red it. This is the beginning of new life and one-in-life opportunity, I thought. I was hackneyed of wars and corruptions I was tired of people who were afraid of anything they were afraid of losing their jobs, they were afraid of crime, disease, and dying they were afraid of foreigners, and of people who are different from them. In the world of atomic number 63s ex-communist transition countries, my country is the strangest creature of all and it cannot escape its unequivocally painful recent past. I was dreaming so long active life in wealthy country, where all nations live together with no ethnic incidents and with equal opportunities and my dream came true. But, just a few old age ago, I realized how the process of naturalization for some nations in the United States was difficult and painful. Even though their rights were guaranteed by the Constitution more than a hundred and thirty geezerhood ago, more than 120,000 Japanese-American s were sent from the West slideway and Hawaii to 10 internment camps in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. The unaccompanied reason was that they were different. They had different color of skin and their language was different. Sixty years ago, these reasons were strong enough to cause a huge discrimination of Japanese Americans. White people didnt want them in neighborhood. Almost every house in California own by white Americans had a huge notice that this is white country and it should stay exactly the same.

Profiling and Police/Community Relations Essay -- Profiling and Police

Scientific MethodsScientifically, indite and jurisprudence- participation relations are comprised of a two-fold focus. The first focal point concentrates on attitudes members of a companionship have intimately profiling in accordance to actions conducted by police officers upon them in the course of their duties. The second focal point concentrates on the profiling of police officers, as completed by early intervention systems, in an effort to reduce complaints from members of the community. The literature on the attitudes which community members have about profiling states that race, personal induce, and media framing influence the publics comprehension (Graziano, Schuck, & Martin, 2010 Weitzer & Tuch, 2002). The literature on early intervention systems is demonstrative of how such systems arse become critical management tools, tailor-made for addressing behavioral and management issues, deep down both the individual officer and in the locations where they work, to re duce complaints by residents of the community (Macintyre et al., 2008). A review of the literature establishes multiple components of each focal point. dead reckoningProfiling of community residents by law enforcement officials and profiling of police officers by early intervention systems impacts police-community relations. The research will be best contributing(prenominal) employing a time-series, quasi-experimental design. The researcher is choosing to conduct an exploratory research experiment utilizing an fitful time-series, quasi-experimental design. Data will be collected from a comparison throng through pretests and posttests, from surveys, interviews, and statistical analysis. There will be a rigid time frame in order to calculate and analyze the findings. Pro... ...., Prenzler, T., & Chapman, J. (2008). archaean intervention to reduce complaints An Australian Victoria Police initiative. International daybook of Police Science & Management, 10(2), 238-250. doi 10.1350/ijps.2008.10.2.77Murphy, K. (2009). Public satisfaction with police The enormousness of procedural justice and police performance in police-citizen encounters. Australian & untested Zealand Journal of Criminology, 42(2), 159-178. doi 10.1375/acri.42.2.159 Tyler, T. R., & Wakslak, C. J. (2004). Profiling and police legitimacy Procedural justice, attributions of motive, and credence of police authority Abstract. Criminology, 42(2), 253-282. doi 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00520.xWeitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2002). Perceptions of racial profiling Race, class, and personal experience Abstract. Criminology, 40(2), 435-456. doi 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00962.x

Glacial Till :: miscellaneous

frosty TillThe characteristics of glacial coin bank reflect the erosional, transportational and depositional history of the fragment sediment. flash-frozen manger is a heterogeneous mixture of rock fragments ranging in size from clay to boulders and is deposited directly from glacial ice without water transport. (Strahler A. H. & Strahler A. N. 1976). Ice sheets deposited in the Pleistocene period may be more than 30 m deep and inevitably the constituents of glacial till will reflect the retreats, advances and nonmoving phases of the ice which have taken place during the history of a glacier since its formation.I shall outline the various forms of glacial till, giving consideration to the type of overriding climatic conditions which give rise to their formation and deposition to illustrate how the constituent sediment does provide evidence for glacial activity over time.As glaciers are so effective at erosion and transport, large quantities of junk is also associated with t hem. According to its location with respect to the glacier, such dust transported as ice mass may be divided into trey main categories. There are three main positions that a glacier elicit transport debris, englacial debris which occurs within the glacier, supraglacial debris which occurs on the glacier move up and subglacial debris which occurs on the base of the glacier, (please look at figure 15.12 below). While debris is universe transported it may remain in any one of these positions until it is deposited by the ice directly or it may end up being reworked by conflate water. Deposition of the transported material is a complex process, that the fraction deposited directly from the ice is called till. It consists of a wide range of iota sizes, so it is often referred to as boulder clay. It also posses very littler stratification and frequently contains far travelled erratic material, which tends to have clast with edges and corners blunt by abrasion. (Briggs D. Et. Al . 1997)There are two main different types of till which have been recognised, lodgement till and ablation till. Lodgement till is rigid down subglacially when debris is released directly from the sole of the ice. Ablation till accumulates ab initio in a supraglacial position and is later lowered to the ground surface by undermelting. Ablation till can be further subdivided into meltout till and flow till. Meltout till is a direct product of ablation continue beneath a cover of detritus and flow till consists of debris that has built up on ice and after saturation with melt water becomes so unstable that it flows or slumps into near by hollows.

A Curse and a Gift :: Personal Narrative Death Papers

A disgust and a GiftHe stands in the dark, lingering. Always linger. Faceless, but his cold, baneful eyes illuminate from the depth of the abyss. Hes gone now. My solicitude is diverted to a lonely, deserted road. Theres no characteristic of life anywhere. Its pitch dark and Im walking. I dont know where Im going, but I have to get out of this darkness. A cold, unsettling breeze emerges from a warm, spends night. I feel chills rising through and through my spine. Somethings wrong. I walk for a considerable amount of time. Finally, out of nowhere I see a speck of light. I get closer. A disconsolate crowd stands in a circle with their heads down, as if at a funeral. Two cars, a red Pontiac Firebird, and a silver Toyota Celica, had lost retard and gotten into a terrible collision. They look familiar. I force my way through the spellbound, immobile crowd. My heart beat fastens to a thousand beats per minute. I drop to my knees in hysteria. Kelvin Kelvin Not you too entertain dont do this to me He lays there. Face up towards a glorious sky. There are millions of stars out tonight. But I harbort noticed them. He just lays there. His hands folded and resting on his thigh, he lays in a pool of blood, on the dry, brown earth. He hasnt suffered any substantial physical injuries from what I can see. He looks peaceful, so peaceful, in eternal repose. I can unagitated recognize him. Hes 61, with a dark, chocolate complexion, an athletic build and a handsome face. He is my brother. Claudia, a close friend of mine, comes up to me in tears. She puts her arms around me and says Im so sorry. She and Kelvin, both gallant thrill-seekers were racing. She has survived the collision. My brother is gone. I woke up sweating and distraught, in tears. My heart was still racing. I frantically recited psalm 23, the Lords Prayer. After that, I grabbed the television remote which I had placed under my collection of thrust animals and turned on the television to Cartoon Network. To m and Jerry was being showed. I reached for my journal which lay next to the remote on my bed, and began to write.Imagine losing your uncle, first cousin and a very close family friend in one year. come apart yet, imagine losing four people that are very dear to you in a three year time span.

malcolm x Essay -- essays research papers

Malcolm X was a very(prenominal) provoke and complicated person. Throughout his life, Malcolm had expo authentic to practically every(prenominal) type of person the world had to offer. In his vernaler years, he excelled in his community predominately surrounded by whites. He then got into the hustling business deep down the black community which supplied for all types of people. After that, he joined the body politic of Islam, joining himself with many Muslims. Lastly, Malcolm went on a Hajj to Africa, where his communication with a diverse group of people expanded. Each time Malcolm had a wise group of people in his life, he had a different also known as to go by. Whichever one is remembered most, Malcolm Little, Malcolm X or El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, his impact on connection will be remembered forever. Gaining information on Malcolm from two different texts real helped in my understanding of him. These two different texts were The Autobiography of Malcolm X and the vide o Malcolm X Make it Plain. Both of these pieces were informative in two on the whole different ways. In the book, we gained knowledge of Malcolm through his situations on various aspects of life. However, in the movie, we gained knowledge of Malcolm from others points of views. For me, the film was more(prenominal) helpful because I am more of a visual learner.Malcolm Little, his birth name, was a very gifted tiddler growing up. He managed to receive straight As and live on the president of his junior high school. The book got more in discernment than the movie in that aspect of his life. For example, the book talked about how Malcolm told his English teacher, Mr. Ostrowski that he wanted to become a lawyer. Even though this teacher support the less intelligent white students to aspire any dreams, he told Malcolm that he would be better off becoming a carpenter. That was a very important part in Malcolms young life. It can be considered the turning point of his views with the white community. The movie would not be equal to fit all of the information of his childhood that the book displayed. The film gave us an insight on how his brothers and sisters saw life as a young child around Malcolm, a time I am sure they will not forget.Now Malcolm became a hustler on the streets of Harlem, unneeded to say, that occupation did not last very long. The book gave many details... ...ms snarl threatened by Malcolm, he foresaw his own death, stated in both texts. Both pieces told how Malcolm was murdered, but the film was more emotional, because it permit us view where the shooting occurred, with peoples views of the incident.In contrast, the book could not let the reader know everyones reactions to this unfortunate death. In the film, we are make aware that both of Malcolms brothers, Philbert and Wilfred did not attend his funeral because of the precautions of their own safety. Also, we could essay and hear the emotion that people felt when he was assassinated . Another interesting fact obtained from the movie was coincidentally the name of the film Make it Plain. front to coming out to speak, Malcolm always told the speaker before him to make it speak out implying that he did not want any special introduction. His half sister, Ella Collins, tranquillise goes to bed every night with the idea that one day Ill get even. Finally, the book failed to show that when Malcolm was buried, his followers shunned away the professional wicked diggers to dig up his grave themselves. That alone shows the effect this man had on all that he encountered.

Exploring Free Will and Decision Making in Albert Camus The Guest Essa

Exploring Free Will and Decision Making in Albert Camus short story The Guest, In Albert Camus short story The Guest, Camus raises numerous philosophical questions. These are does man stimulate foreswear will?, are an individuals decisions abnormal by what society demands, expects, uncomplete, or both?, and finally, how does moral and social covenant affect decision making?   Balducci brings the Arab to Darus door, informing Daru that I have an roll to release the prisoner and Im doing so, (90) thus freeing Balducci of the debt instrument over wherever the Arab ultimately ended up. Balducci didnt want the responsibility of the Arab possibly escaping, and by doing completely as was expressly required of him (delivering the Arab to Darus door and giving the orders of the Arabs destination to Daru), he was also setting the story so that any decision Daru by and by took was an act of Darus alone and was not directly dependent on any other decision another man had made pri or. Balducci avoids the social tariff hes supposed to feel. He should follow through on the prisoners handling, but he doesnt have to. Balducci knows this, and decides to avoid the effort and instead justifies his leaving the Arab there by simply following his orders and not reading between the lines of the order.   Daru ended up accepting the Arab, both because the prisoner was delivered to him, and because he had a sense of responsibility to the French government (or society) to at least accept him, if not deliver him to the police in Tinguit (social obligation to not let him go free, justice must be served because if it wasnt, society would turn to chaos). Darus orders were escort the Arab there for he was expected at police headquarters ... ...ome men think virtually decisions and many just react to their environment like a canonised plant? Do all men know they have free will and understand what that means? Daru gave a choice to the Arab, was that fair for the Arab (an d society) or was it an egotistical action based on what Daru thought was right, fair or just? Why did the Arabs ultimate choice depress Daru, and why did neither Balducci or Daru want to be responsible for another man? In the end the Arab really is the dog of society. No decision was ever his (from the perspective of the lector and Daru), but still, how do we know if Daru is different? By answering some philosophical questions through use of characters in a vacuum, Camus raises many more than questions, which is the modus opernadi of the philosopher not to find answers, but to ask questions that will eventually have the answers inherent in them.

New Orleans - Before The Civil War :: essays research papers

bran-new siege of Orleans is a city in southern lanthanum, located on the Mississippi River. Most of the city is situated on the east bank, among the river and Lake Pontchartrain to the north. Because it was built on a great turn of the river, it is known as the Crescent City. smart Orleans, with a population of 496,938 (1990 census), is the largest city in Louisiana and one of the principal cities of the South. It was established on the high ground hot the mouth of the Mississippi, which is 177 km (110 mi) downstream. Elevations range from 3.65 m (12 ft) above sea train to 2 m (6.5 ft) below as a result, an ingenious dodging of water pumps, drainage canals, and levees has been built to protect the city from flooding. reinvigorated Orleans was founded in 1718 by Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de Bienville, and named for the regent of France, Philippe II, duc dOrleans. It remained a french colony until 1763, when it was transferred to the Spanish. In 1800, Spain ceded it back to France in 1803, New Orleans, along with the ideal Louisiana Purchase, was sold by Napoleon I to the United States. It was the lay of the Battle of New Orleans (1815) in the warfare of 1812. During the Civil War the city was besieged by Union ships under Adm. David Farragut it fell on Apr. 25, 1862.And thats what it says in the books, a bit more, but nothing else of interest. This is too bad, New Orleans , as a city, has a wide and diverse storey that reads as if it were a utopian society built to survive the troubles of the future. New Orleans is a place where Africans, Indians and European settlers shared their cultures and intermingled. Encouraged by the French government, this strategy for producing a durable culture in a difficult place marked New Orleans as antithetical and special from its inception and continues to distinguish the city today.Like the early American settlements along Massachusetts Bay and Chesapeake Bay, New Orleans served as a distinctive cultural gate way to North America, where peoples from Europe and Africa initially intertwined their lives and customs duty with those of the native inhabitants of the New World. The resulting way of life differed dramatically from the culture than was spawned in the English colonies of North America. New Orleans Creole population (those with roue rooted in the citys colonial era) ensured not only that English was not the prevailing language but also that Protestantism was scorned, public education unheralded, and antiauthoritarian government untried.