Counselling and Psychotherapy Essay

This therapy proposed by Carl Rogers, as for objective, to provide the client with the necessary help, allowing the individual to find a certain internal well being. Through this well being, the client is able to explore their inner feelings and work with these feelings to find their own solution to troubles from which they are suffering (Hayes and Orrell.1998), therefore this one to one therapy is largely based on the supposition that the client is capable of helping himself with the support of the facilitator (the term therapist is not used), were each of the two protagonists are on an equal level, it is the client that sets the pace of sessions and not the facilitator, which is some what different to the therapy proposed within the psychoanalytic perspective, were it is the therapist who holds the reins during the length of the session. Unlike the ‘client-centred therapy, there is no self-disclosure from the part of the psychoanalytic therapist during the sessions or at any other moment. During the psychoanalysis, the therapist creates what could be called a professional distance with the patient; this could take different forms, such as asking the patient to relax on a sofa while the therapist is sitting in a chair out of his view or conducting the session whilst sitting behind a desk (Malim and Birch. 1998). Freud believed that the role of the unconscious mind was to protect an individual from their underlying desires and fears; the function of the therapist during the therapy is to fetch these feelings and direct them into the consciousness, thus giving the patient an ‘insight’ and minimum of understanding. This is done independently of the patient wishes, during the sessions patients are often confronted with subconscious and painful memories (Dryden. 1999). Within these two perspectives, Freud and Rogers both acknowledge the use of ‘Defence Mechanisms’. â€Å"The conflict which occurs between a person’s wishes and external reality is dealt with by the use of defence mechanisms† (Hough, 1998). In the psychoanalytic these defence mechanisms are the representation of the crisis that is going on between both the ego and the id or between the ego and the superego. The ego chooses to use these defence mechanisms when the situation becomes too hard to handle. Though these defence mechanisms are considered a natural thing, they should be closely monitored†¦ quite often their use could lead to neuroses, which could range from anxiety to obsessions. Just some examples of defence mechanisms which are encountered by individuals are Repression: this produces when an event is too painful to meet head on, that an individual pushes it out of his conscious, pretending that it has never happened, were as Regression: this occurs when an adult in particular starts to use childish behaviour, such as screaming loudly, stamping their feet about as a means of getting what he or she wishes; these are some examples quite extrovert, but regression can take a more introvert form such as sulking or perhaps thumb sucking, this can happen when an individual is faced with the idea of passing a test or an exam. Rogers shared the idea of defence mechanisms, he argued that when a client suffering from incongruity, meaning that the client is not happy with the image that he portrays, this ‘self image’ is not what the client wants to be, but he inspires towards, this is known as the ‘ideal self’. When this passage becomes too difficult, the client makes use of two forms of defence mechanism, which are Denial: which is the total negation to accept any form of incongruity and acting as if the dilemma basically does not exist in his eyes. The second of the two defence mechanisms is Distortion, were the client will purely distort the truth to his or her advantage and therefore the threat is no longer seen as one. All though these defence mechanisms are employed currently on a day to day basis, their excessive use may lead to more consequent psychiatric problems, so therefore a close observation is needed (Hayes and Orrell. 1998). It can be said, despite the fact that these two perspectives diverge mainly in their approach, they do share a same central core, being the understanding and treatment of mental health and behavioural dilemmas, each looks at what is the human mind, but just from a different angle. Each of these perspectives in their own way is trying to help, treat and eventually propose a solution or remedy to an individual’s crisis, therefore it would be extremely difficult to discuss which of these two perspectives is the more reliable when it comes to looking into human behaviour. The choice would depend on so many internal and external factors, such as the personality of the individual, the illness from which they are suffering or their mental force, as no two individuals are the same, their need for therapy would be different. â€Å"Psychology is a young discipline relative to the other sciences. As such it has no global paradigm, or single accepted theory, about the nature of human beings in the way that biology has been influenced by Darwin’s theory. Until this is possible in psychology, the scope and variety of the many different approaches allow us to adopt different levels of explanation in order to explain human functioning† (Malim and Birch. 1998). Bibliography Cardwell, M. , Clark, L. and Meldrum, C. (2000) Psychology for A Level 2nd Edition. London: HarperCollins. Dryden, W and Mytton, J. (1999) Four approaches to counselling and Psychotherapy. London: Routledge.

Meeting the needs of all learners Essay

I always attempt my best to maintain an environment where all learners are engaged in the process of learning. As a precaution, I always obtain details of the learners as much as possible before I start to teach them. This helps to obtain a very good idea about the nature of learners and their needs. Key elements of inclusive learning are identified as â€Å"including all learners in learning together, multi-level, authentic instruction for learners of diverse abilities, building community and meet the needs of children with behavioural challenges, providing support for teachers, maintaining a good relationship with parents/carers and be careful and thoughtful in decision-making and leadership and empowerment†. As a teacher I always try to provide a maximum opportunity for all my learners by considering their individual needs. For example, visually impaired students get a seat closer to the whiteboard and I am willing to wear an electronic device to help students who have any impairment in hearing. Direct and indirect discrimination are always challenged immediately and learners of all levels of abilities and all ethnic backgrounds are treated equally according to the best of my ability. Some learners might need extra support in assessment processes and it should be provided. For example some learners are eligible to use a reader or a scribe in examinations. These needs must be addressed as a teacher as learners may not always demand for these rights. However, I have some limitations as a teacher in maintaining an inclusive classroom environment. For instance, I do not know the sign language and I need to improve my knowledge on certain special and learning needs although I have some knowledge on the most common needs and how to support them in a learning environment. However, I am always willing to obtain support from other professionals in situations where I feel that help can be of help for a learner to progress. Therefore, I conclude my inclusive teaching practice as an effective approach and I am constantly trying to improve it to help the learners better. Analyse ways to improve own practice in using learning and teaching approaches to meet the needs of all learners. As I am always looking for opportunities for improve myself as a professional, I have set some goals for myself to be achieved in the time to come. Some of them are related to my personal development and others are to improve my professional development and teaching abilities. Moreover, some targets are for improving my qualifications. As inclusive practice involves many different types of learners I need to make myself prepared for a range of learners to accommodate the needs of all students. I could learn the sign language and make myself familiar with the needs and behaviour of learners with special and learning needs although I have some knowledge and experience at the moment. I believe this is a very important task as 5.4% of all undergraduate students in the United Kingdom have self-assessed them as having some sort of an impairment in a survey conducted in 2005 (Adams and Brown, 2006:2). Personally, I did not have much exposure to work with learners with special needs or learn ing needs during the first 6 years of my teaching career in Sri Lanka as the process of recognizing learners with needs is not specific enough in Sri Lanka when compared to the United Kingdom. When I think back about my school time (1989-2001), I can clearly think of some fellow students who were with us without any special support but I now realise that they probably had some special learning needs. Unfortunately, there were a set of students who were unable to read or write properly even when they were close to the GCE(Ordinary Level) examination and they were not given any support and they failed almost in all subjects and dropped out from the school. Because of my lack of experience in the childhood, I was unable to identify students with learning needs in the first few years of my teaching career. I gained that ability after exposing myself to teaching in the United Kingdom during the past 4 years and I am still working on improving that knowledge. Teaching resources and different approaches of teaching have always been an interest for me and it is a hobby of mine to collect teaching resources and I have a considerably good collection of books and soft copies. However, I am still working on collecting more resources and improving them to make them more inclusive and helpful for all learners. My professional connections and the relationship with the fellow practitioners are quite good. Moreover, I read books and other materials to understand the mind-set of different learners and I expect this to be an advantage for me to understand and liaise better with  the learners who obtain my service. I believe that these improvements can be of enormous help for me to be a better teaching professional and I believe this as an on-going process.

How Time Management Skills Can Effect Educational Achievement Education Essay

Time direction is really of import and it may really impact person ‘s overall public presentation and accomplishments. However, all of these are related by how persons manage their clip to accommodate their day-to-day life or to do it flux steadily with their modus operandis. Conducive scenes and environment will certainly advance positive results to the pupils, besides holding good talks given by their lectors. Nevertheless, pupils ‘ clip direction can be considered as one of the facet that can travel a pupil to be a good pupil. A good clip direction is critical for pupils to stand out. However, some of the pupils do non hold a good clip direction accomplishments that has negatively impact their life and their survey. The use of clip by pupils in higher instruction establishments is related to their day-to-day modus operandis and activities. Students ‘ clip direction can besides impact stress degree of pupils as they need to get by with their undertakings and their personal errands. In educational establishments of Malaysia, clip direction has a function in finding how the pupils perform. This includes the pupils who are specialising in the instruction profession. Teaching profession is one of legion professions accepted widely throughout the whole universe. Due to this peculiar ground, higher acquisition establishments all around the universe nowadays provide classs which either closely or straight related to the learning profession. The acquisition establishments in Malaysia are non excluded. Here in Malaysia, higher learning establishment provides educational classs in assorted Fieldss of survey. Many larning establishments have their ain Faculty of Education to provide the demands and the pupils to foster their surveies in this peculiar field. Among these universities are Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris ( UPSI ) , Universiti Malaya ( UM ) , Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS ) , International Islamic University Malaysia ( IIUM ) , Universitit Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) , Universiti Malaysia Sabah ( UMS ) , Universiti Putra Malaysia ( UPM ) , Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia ( UTM ) and Universiti Teknologi Mara ( UiTM ) . The pupils who are undergoing the classs under the Faculty of Education are being exposed to what they should cognize and fix for the educational field besides the cognition that they gain during category. All of the pupils are being trained in bettering both their cognition and besides their soft accomplishments. However, all of the pupils do non hold the same manner of pull offing their clip. This may hold an consequence both on their academic and societal life. In order to find how pupils manage their clip, a survey demand to be carried out among pupils who are taking the B. Ed. in Teaching English as a Second Language ( TESL ) programme at the Faculty of Education, UiTM Shah Alam. This survey is specifically for Part 8 or concluding semester pupils who are presently analyzing under the TESL programme. Statement of the Problem. Students in every university are different from one another, particularly in the manner they manage their clip. The manner of managing clip for each person is different in UiTM even though the classs taken are the same. Some of the pupils are even analyzing in the same category. Some category will hold the session of a peculiar topic in the forenoon and some possibly holding it in the afternoon or even later in the eventide. The clip allotment of the category may impact the pupils ‘ clip directions. In other words, pupils manage their clip to suit their demands and most of them pull off their clip by prioritising on what they want to make, instead than what they need to make. This consequences in the troubles of the pupils in executing their undertakings based on what they planned. Therefore, it is necessary to transport out a survey in order to find how pupils manage their clip, and how it affects their surveies. A survey demand to be conducted to happen out how the pupils manage their clip throughout their period of survey and how it may impact their surveies. The pupils are larning harmonizing to the timetable provided by the module that may or may non disrupt their common day-to-day activities. The pupils have different ways to pull off their clip to provide to their survey program. This survey is conducted to place portion 8 TESL pupils of UiTM clip direction and how it affects their surveies. Research Aims The chief aim of the research is to find the ways portion eight B.Ed.TESL ( Hons ) pupils in the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Mara ( UiTM ) , Section 17 Shah Alam, pull off their clip. The aims of this research are as stated below: 1.2.1 To cognize how the pupils manage their clip and their day-to-day modus operandi during their continuance of survey. This is chiefly to look into how pupils manage their clip throughout their survey which includes clip for both academic and personal activities. 1.2.2 To look into in what manner clip direction affects their surveies and public presentation. To detect how does pupils ‘ manner of pull offing clip affects their surveies and their public presentation. 1.3 Research Questions This research is intended to reply the undermentioned inquiries: 1.3.1. How do the portion 8 B.Ed. TESL pupils manage their clip during their period of survey? 1.3.2. How do they get by with academic work load during their survey? 1.4.3. Do they hold equal clip for societal activities? 1.4 Significance of Study The significances of this survey are: 1.4.1 To find how portion 8 B.Ed. TESL pupils of UiTM pull off their clip during their period of survey, including on how they manage their clip for academic activities and clip for socialising. This can be looked on how portion 8 B.Ed. TESL pupils make agreement of their clip, in which can be related on how they divide the clip for academic intents and besides the clip for their societal demands. This survey will detect how portion 8 B.Ed. TESL pupils of UiTM pull off their clip to accommodate their demand as pupils. 1.4.2 To raise the consciousness of portion 8 B.Ed. TESL pupils of UiTM on how they manage and spend clip for their modus operandis as pupils. The survey is of import for both pupils and the Faculty. It will convey benefits to the pupils who are non cognizant of how they spend or pull off their clip. The information collected in this survey can be used as a guideline to the pupils to fix a better manner to take their life or on how to pull off their clip decently. This besides will assist the pupils to do better clip direction for their academic and societal life. 1.4.3 To enable the university to form activities related to clip direction accomplishment and self-improvisations, in order to heighten the pupils clip direction both during and after their categories. The Faculty may besides utilize the informations collected to transport out activities related to clip direction in order to better whatever that should be improved about their clip direction. The pupils may besides do necessary alterations on how they spend their clip or reschedule their day-to-day modus operandi in order to accommodate their demands or even to increase their public presentation in survey. 1.5 Restriction of the Study The restriction in this survey is on the figure of the respondents. For this survey, it would non be possible to obtain the information or information from all TESL pupils of UiTM. Due to that, the sample has been limited to portion 8 B.Ed. TESL pupils of UiTM in Section 17, Shah Alam, Selangor merely. 1.6 Definition of Footings Several footings will be used throughout this survey. These footings are interrelated to one another and are used particularly when mentioning to the topics and the survey done. The footings used may be different in significance. 1.6.1 Time: Harmonizing to Merriam-Webster Collegiate lexicon, 11th Edition ; clip is defined as â€Å" the measured or mensurable period during which an action, procedure, or status exist or continues † . Time in this research refers to the activities of portion 8 TESL pupils of UiTM.. 1.6.2 Management: Harmonizing to Collin ‘s Cobuild Advanced Learner ‘s English Dictionary, New Edition 5th ( 2006 ) , direction carries the significance on the manner people control different parts of their life. 1.6.3 Time Management: Based on the definition of clip and direction given above, clip direction can be said as the manner of how persons control their clip throughout their day-to-day life. In this survey, throughout their day-to-day life refers to clip direction applies to the period when portion 8 pupils are analyzing at UiTM subdivision 17, Shah Alam.

Watch movie and answer question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Watch movie and answer question - Assignment Example In respect to the current food policies, they are entitled to food stamps. The food stamps are vouchers that can only be used to buy food. However, they are not endowed as the requirements stipulated. The amounts provided are insufficient to cater for their food needs and sometimes they go without food. Notable is a significant difference between what the individuals are entitled to and what they get. The gap is the primary cause of hunger for Rosie and Barbie. It is a bit difficult to identify individuals who suffer from hunger in America. This is associated with the fact that many have access to food, although not on a routine basis, but they do have a meal quite often. With such access, they do not look malnourished, which is usually an indicator of hunger. People have been depending on charitable food programs which have been forthcoming over time. Thus, they are not malnourished and becomes hard to pinpoint such people. I tend to disagree with Sen. This is simply because the famine that is being experienced in the United States has taken a different form from the traditional known form which was lack of food. The current famine being experiences in the spiraling of food prices to levels such that many cannot afford to buy. Also, poverty levels are on a high, thus even with food in stalls; people cannot afford it. The challenge of hunger is solvable. It requires the United States to make the provision of healthy and nutritious food a priority and also educate the masses on healthy eating behavior. On the long run, every citizen in the country will not only have access to food, but it will be available at low prices. Therefore, the government should implement and adopt policies that are geared towards bringing down the cost of food, making healthy and nutritious food available to all and providing food to those who cannot afford

ARGUMENT - ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARGUMENT - - Essay Example Humans, as we now believe, and would not argue against it, should not live along with the beasts in the forests, but rather in their own home where their existence is protected. Humans take comfort and safety in the homes they build and live in. Modern technology, a result of an increased understanding of human existence and the natural resources that surrounds them, has provided the needed comfort that each one of us enjoys so far. These abilities to develop massive and powerful high-tech machineries made us believe that we are able to take nature in our hands as well. Maybe at some point we do, but not in the long run. Survival is natural to humans that in order to achieve this, we create laws and impose them to attain equality among humanity. However, it is not in the nature of human beings to be contented of what they already have. We tend to abuse the environment to find the contentment we are looking for. It is in our nature to wage wars, murder, as well as poison nature that in fact sustain our existence. I believe that our imperfections as human beings apply in order to make us realize that we are in no way at par with the power of nature. Wars destroy nature in such dreadful ways than we realize. Daily living conditions is a daily struggle for Mother Nature as humans pollute the air and water that is necessary for the survival of other organisms as well – in fact those that humans consume every day to sustain human life. Such horrible activities make us think that we have overpowered nature. On the other hand, if we will look into the current environmental phenomena all over the world, nature’s response to our abuse clearly shows that she is still the most powerful one. Powerful tsunamis, enormous storms, and strong earthquakes are all over the news killing thousands of people every year. Humans are left vulnerable against these disasters that strike them most particularly at times when they are least prepared. Even when they thought they

Political Science Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Science Reflection Paper - Essay Example king is naked, and hence, Kingdon is liable to be beheaded by the American capitalists who, for years, promoted the idea that America has the best form of government. Evidently, there are many people in the American society like me who are made to believe for years that the American public policies are unique and the best in the world. This is all the more so because of the concept of liberalism, that means one is allowed to decide ones own destiny. In other words, the nation does not interfere in the lives of people as much as other nations do. This is a stunningly attractive proposition considering the fact that the tax American people pay is much less than the amount people in industrialized nations pay. However, Kingdon points out that the founders of the nation have done a dubious job by crafting the policies of government with ideologies of distrust in government, thus preferring a limited government. In addition is the check and balance among the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. In sharp contradiction with my view that this check and balance will help the nation continue with its great unique features of less governmental intervention, Kingdon has shown how tricky it was from the part of the nation builders to develop such a system. It, in practice, ensures that even if American people or the leaders they elect want to make radical changes in the policies, it becomes a difficult task because of the burdens involved in passing laws and policies of reformation in the existing check and balance system. Evidently, the ones who are eager to make changes like the Native Americans and the African Americans will never be able to make radical changes in the governmental policies, and this is the uniqueness many people including me believed the best in the world. In addition, Kingdon points out how greatly the myth of equal opportunities has affected the public policy system in America. It is pointed out that this equal opportunity proposition also

Personal Entrepreneurial Viewpoint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Entrepreneurial Viewpoint - Essay Example Although the writer (student) may not be able to start his own business, he may not be happy if there is no chance in his work and life to articulate his creativity. He may problems in bringing his ideas to success despite his inventive nature, and other people may end plagiarizing hid ideas. Entrepreneurship enables one to describe an enterprising person as he or she possesses entrepreneurial traits. There are different types of energetic people just as there are various types of entrepreneurs distinguished by their association with business owner management, involvement with new technology, business, motivation, and growth orientation. The inclination to start up and manage projects is referred to as an enterprising tendency. The most ambitious individuals put up projects more frequently and place more innovative projects. This implies that they have to be opportunistic and good at utilizing resources, which include organizational, physical, technological and human resources. The following are qualities of an extremely enterprising person: he takes charge, have a high need for achievement, use of resources to achieve plans and seek opportunities. Others are being innovative and their ability to take risks. Currently, the economy has undergone a transformation from knowledge-based activities to imagination, entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity (Van den Broeck et al. 2008). Increasing technology and globalization impacts have resulted in more business opportunities, but the marketplace has become more crowded and competition has rise (McMullan & Shepherd 2006). Creativity assists the entrepreneur to take action on these opportunities in ways that can result in competitive advantage for the business. It can offer a basis for business growth and innovation as well as leading from the positive impact on the society in general (Bilton 2007). Entrepreneurship happens to all sizes and

DHL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DHL - Research Paper Example All the operation of the firm is based on this segmentation strategy of the company. The company believes to segment and operate their business based on buyer behavior which gives a more accurate approach for DHL to satisfy their customers. The first segment is dominated by the price and the supply chain capacity of the customers which aligns with the administrator producer coding metric. The second segment is driven by performance reliability. This integrates with integrator administrator coding metric and the third segmentation of DHL is based on highest value based attributes like customers interaction, innovators of supply chain. Then each segment is further controlled by collaborator, perfectionist and price zealots approach (Coltman, Gattorna and Whiting, 2010, p. 16-18). Focus Strategy Focusing a particular market is done by any company with mainly three techniques. Porter’s Generic Strategy acts as a very important tool for the company to identify the focus strategy to follow for the business. The below figure shows a Porter’s Generic model- Figure 1: Porter's Generic Model (Source: Botten, 2007, p. 264) The focus strategy adopted by DHL is differentiation strategy. It differentiates its services from the competitors with their focused approach towards the specific customers with their uniqueness in service for them. By the improvement of the infrastructural development the company is providing remote location services which many of the competitors are not able to offer to the customers. Selected market segment gets benefits from the company with their focused differentiation strategy. The company mainly focuses on the mid level and the smaller business units for their businesses and offers service benefits to the niche segment of the market with their customized approach. This customer centric approach of the company gives greater flexibility for the customers to adopt their service and at the same rate provided by other companies in the market. Key success metrics The key success factor of any company depends on its adaptive capability with the changing environment. The change in the trend of consumer behaviors and the market trend are needed to be analyzed by the company to maintain a sustainable position in the market. DHL main success factors can be referred as the changes in the company’s strategy due to changes in the market trend with its market fragmentation due to competition and saturation at particular market. The changing taste of the customer also forced the company to implement customer centric strategies which matched with the customer preferences from time to time (DHL-a, 2011). The sector approach of DHL is the main reason for the success of the company. The growth in each sector of Retail, Consumer, Technology, Automotive, Health care and others have constantly influenced the company to implement strategies to suit the need of the market. The sector oriented logistic system is another reason for success of DHL. The business of the company sector wise in the year 2011 is shown in the figure below. Figure 2: Sector wise business of DHL in Q1 2011 (Source: DHL-b, 2011, p. 33) SWOT analysis In order to understand the position of the company it is very essential for the firm to understand its strength, weakness, opportunity and threats in the market. Strength The strong brand name is one of the major reasons for the success of DHL in the long run of their business process. The quality standard

Apostolic Worship (African Amercian) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apostolic Worship (African Amercian) - Essay Example The traditional worship involves significant holiness and extensive reference on the Lord Jesus Christ’s name. These rituals are reflected in dress code during baptism, use of wine in communion, strong interpretation of the scriptures within the New Testament, and ordination. During worship, we use the authorized version of the Bible, which is King James. The commonly used version is the English Version to serve the congregations. Usually, the New Testament is highly adhered to as; it reflects on the life and suffering that Jesus underwent. Unlike other churches, we conduct worship on Sundays. The worships allow us to welcome the presence of the Holy Spirit. We usually sing various songs to cleanse our presence before the Lord. The church concentrates on worship, as it welcomes the Holy Spirit, which leads us during the service. Mostly, the congregation silently prays together to ask for the Holy Spirit to lead in the service (Alexander 58). The leadership of our Church is concentrated on the male members. The tradition is governed by the New Testament, which influences the male dominated leadership within the church. Prior to 1961, the Church leadership concentrated on one prelate leader. However, after the death of Lawson, Bonner proposed different governance within the church. Bonner’s proposal meant that; the church will involve the governance of different archbishops, and apostles who will form a board (Clark 146). Additionally, Bonner found it suitable to establish two more boards to account to the Apostle’s board. These boards involve the Boards of Presbyters and Bishops. When dealing with women and leadership within the church; our congregation remains adamant. The church holds that the scriptures never provide room for women to preach. The argument presented against women preaching is that; she seizes the authority given to a man. Women who preach are discouraged in First Corinthians 2:12. However,

Research proposal Assignment & Resarch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Assignment & Resarch Essay - Research Proposal Example Captain Cook was eager to trade with the people of Nuu-chah-nulth. Word went out of his trade with the people of Nuu-chah-nulth and the profits that he made from the trade. As a result many European settlers moved to the Island bringing with them smallpox and other diseases that killed the Aboriginals; the indigenous people of the Island (Carty, 381). After the infestation and the effects of smallpox, the Island was not as busy in the beginning of the 19th century. However, there were still activities that shaped the present day British Columbia. Before the turn of the century, many Europeans settled in the Island. The Spanish considered the Island to be under its territory because of its explorations in the region in the 16th century. When the Spanish heard of the arrival of the British into the Island, they took their ships creating the Nootka crisis; a crisis that almost led to war between Spain and Britain. After the crisis, the Spanish left Nootka Sound settlement. The influence of the Spanish in the Island came to an end in 1795 after the Nootka Convention. After the Spanish, left British Columbia European explorer merchants begun to get interested in the Island. Most of these merchants were British explorers and traders. Some of the notable people during this period were Simon Fraser, David Thompson and Sir Alexander Macke nzie (Recksten, 280). The three Britons were employees of Northwest Company and were looking for a river route to the pacific. If found, this route was supposed to help their company expand its fur trade. The first to arrive was Mackenzie followed by Fraser; they were both unable to find routes that were fit for trade. It was David Thomson who finally found a route to the Pacific that would be appropriate for trade. During this period, explorers used to lay claim to trade routes that they had discovered. Despite having worked hard to find the route, David Thompson could not lay claim

Human Service Profession- Mental Health Counselor Essay Example for Free

Human Service Profession- Mental Health Counselor Essay Counseling has a major emphasis on prevention. Mental health counselors work with individuals and groups to promote optimum mental and emotional health. Counselors may help individuals deal with issues associated with addictions, substance abuse, family, parenting, marital problems, stress management, self-esteem and aging. Mental health counseling brings a unique approach to the mental health care professions. People who receive such counsel are labeled unhealthy, wrong or ill (Smith, Robinson, 1995, p. 158). The goals of a mental health counselor are based on specific principles. The basic principles are responsibility, autonomy, client and consultee welfare, mis-representation, consultant-consultee relationship and confidentiality. Counselors believe in the basic human need and the potential for emotional and intellectual growth of their client system and consultee. In order to better the client and the society, the counselor will perform functions committed to increasing the understanding of the clients self and others (Fanibanda, 1976, p. 547). Responsibility is a principle consisting of a degree of responsibility that the consultant has for the client. Consultation can be a blending of professions such as consultant-teacher, consultant-policeman, or consultant-welfare worker just to name a few. The consultant must take responsibility for their own behavior. With strict compliance a consultant must not give advice to a client because they will be held responsible. Autonomy is a principle that gives the independence or freedom to a client, dropping his or her dependency on the counselor. This will allow the consultant, and other professions to perform their jobs more efficiently (Fanibanda, 1976, p. 548). Client and consultee welfare principle must acquire balance. If the client and consultee result in any difficulties the consultee may revoke his practice with the client. Remuneration is the question of payment between the counselor and client. This standard will safeguard the best interest for the client and counselor. The consultant and the consultee relationship is a well excepted concept in the cousultation practice. It is often difficult to slip into a therapist role, but the counselor must maintain a professional role of his specialty. Such a relationship on a personal note, could destroy the goal of helping the client. Confidentiality is another principle counselor’s use. Confidentiality agreement upon the counselor and client is specific information that cannot be shared with any other parties, unless a written agreement is signed upon. It is in the process of building trust between the client and the consultee to safeguard any information between any other parties (Fanibanda, 1976, p. 550-552). Mental illness effects a wide array of the population. The population consists for different races, sex, social class, and criminals that are effected by mental disabilities. Social class is one of the most common characteristics of the mentally ill. The social lower class is linked to more serious cases for the development of the mentally ill (Fox, 1990, p. 344). Mental illness is the primary cause for the homelessness. It is estimated between 72 and 82 percent of the homeless are mentally unstable, based on an Australian study (Johnson, 2011, p. 29-30). Presently it is whether minority groups are disproportionately represented among the mentally ill, but minority groups such as African American and the Latino population appear not to suffer from this as much as the Caucasian population. This is a surprising fact due to that more minorities are exposed to more risk factors. Minorities tend to be relatively poor, and lack resources to prevent social and vocational disability and to promote long term recovery (Snowden, 1997, p.236). The criminal population is another amongst the mentally ill. People with a mental illness are three times more likely to become incarcerated than be admitted to a psychiatric facility. Correctional institutions have become the largest providers of mental health treatment in the United States. Statistics show that 14.5% of male and 31 % of female inmates have a mental illness. Mental disorders can arrange from schizophrenia spectrum disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenic form disorder, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and depressive disorder (Gross, 2013, p. 175). Counseling is not only received by the mentally ill, it is also received by people dealing with stress. It can be stress of a new job, relationships, family, finances, and addictions just to name a few. Many people that even consider themselves normal and stressed receive counseling. Many of these people seek counseling because it has a high effect on health. Health problems such as chronic heart disease, depression, and psychomatic illness (Brown, Brooks, 1985, p. 860). Mental health counseling is a treatment on its own, while other forms of mental disorders can be treated with medication. Mental health counselors are readily available for face to face treatment or even over the web. Over the web counseling is often easier for clients because of travel needs. Many would argue that e-counseling is not as efficient as face to face, but 90% of clients that have used e-therapy said it worked (Alleman, 2002, p. 199). As stated before counselors try to provide prevention with clients. Prevention means the confronting and lightening the major cause of mental disturbance. In the mental health field, demands for examination of moral and scientific beliefs and begin to take action for change. One on one treatment even if successful, is not considered prevention. Public health teaches that no mass disease or disorder has ever been controlled or eliminated by individual treatment or an increasing number of therapists. However for individual therapy it is proven to lower individual emotional disorders. Treating clients and preventing emotional disorders are done reducing or eliminating the noxious agent, strengthening the resistance of the host, and preventing the transmission of the noxious agent to the host. The principle of the noxious agent is str ess. All stress that leads to an emotional disorder is unwanted (Albee, 2013, p.37-40).

Timothy Treadwell Behavior Essay Example for Free

Timothy Treadwell Behavior Essay There’s a lot of awareness toward animal rights and animal cruelty in the United States, there are plenty of animal rights organizations that help us the public learn about what happens to animals when we don’t know or see. But some activist make the safety of animals their priority in life, even to the point to put them in danger to do what they think is correct. Timothy Treadwell, also known as Grizzly Man, did just that. Being a hardcore activist living with grizzlies in order to protect them from what he called â€Å"the evils of men†. According to Anthrozoologist like Hal Herzog, the author of â€Å"Some We Love, Some We Hate, Some We Eat†, Timothy Treadwell’s behavior can be explained by his past life struggles, his over love for bears, and his eagerness to take action. How does someone go from being an actor to a bear enthusiast? Treadwell’s occupation is stated as being an actor because that’s what he studied for, but it was something that he didn’t get lucky in and therefor became a frustrated actor. The truth about Treadwell is that before you found his â€Å"calling† he was a very lost and unhappy person, in some of his footage saying â€Å"Nobody friggin’ knew that there are times when my life has been on the precipice of death†. Treadwell after becoming alcoholic survived a near-fatal heroin overdose making him realize that he had to do something in his life that was meaningful and that’s where the grizzlies changed his life. Hal Herzog says â€Å"animal activism can give meaning and purpose to a person’s life† (Herzog 242), after hiding bottom Treadwell needed to figure out what else he had to do where he wouldn’t be judged, rejected, and ashamed by anyone. When Treadwell met his first bear, he found his calling, he found his meaning in life, he now knew what his purpose was and that was to live among the brown bears. Because of his past situations and disappointments, being alone in the wild with creatures that wouldn’t mind having him around and where curious about him made him feel safe. In the film Treadwell shares how he can’t wait to return to Alaska when he leaves, he enjoyed being out there because that was his safe zone in life away from all ‘evil’. That safe zone with the bears kept Treadwell at piece and gave him an identity, Hal Herzog giving an example of activist that are lost in the world and once they find something worth fighting for they find themselves and gain an identity. Treadwell’s identity was Grizzly Man, his identity gave him power and strength that helped him throughout the ears with living with bears for 13 summers. There’s a saying that states â€Å"love kills† and you could say that about Timothy Treadwell’s death, being attacked and eaten by the very animal that he love the most makes you wonder why anyone could pass logic and follow their heart. Throughout Werner Herzog’s film Treadwell shouts, cries, and expresses how much he loves grizzly bears, â€Å"I will die for these animals! I will die for these animals! I will die for these animals! † he said. Hal Herzog explains in a chapter that sometimes instead of following our heads we believe we should follow our hearts because that will lead us to happiness, â€Å"Our hearts are even more prone to error than our heads†(Herzog 260). Treadwell’s heart was bears and helping the bears, but because of the obsessive love he had turned into the willingness to go against his logic of living with wild animals. He believed that bears were his friends; he told them he loved them and even petted them, Treadwell didn’t care about anything else besides his friends in the wild whom he loved and was willing to die for them and did die because of one. His powering love that he had for these animals, the living things that had saved his life and brought so much happiness, was a reason why he decided to leave humans and life in solitude with bears. â€Å"I am the Lord’s humble servant. I am Allah’s disciple there has been an absolute miracle. It has rained 1. 65 inches of rain today† Treadwell said after a long drought affecting the animals. Treadwell’s love drove him to take action but his eagerness to go every summer and spend months alone, his ambition, desire, and anxiousness to be with bears was from his passion to return the favor. â€Å"The moral commitment of activists shows up in many different ways Sometimes the burden just gets too heavy† (Herzog 245), Treadwell felt like he owned his life to the bears that he had a commitment to them and was never to break it. After saving his internal and physical self he needed to protect them and he did as much as he could, he looked after the animals as if they were his family and when it got hard he just took it out on himself and never on the animals because Treadwell believed humans were the problem not the bears. Treadwell wanted to accomplish what no other person could do and that was to live within wild animals that had the strength to kill anyone, and his ambition drove him to take action, his love and commitment to the grizzly bears. Timothy Treadwell’s death was horrific and not shocking at all because most people did except that to happen, if you asked anyone what they thought of Treadwell decision to live with grizzlies they’d probably say he was crazy. But the truth is that he was crazy but crazy in love, in love with the animals that had given him a purpose in life and had saved him from his past. Timothy Treadwell didn’t want harm for anyone or for anything, he just wanted to express his gratitude and love to the animals that had changed his life forever.

Gender Differences in Human Development

Gender Differences in Human Development Yaqin Albirawi Abstract This paper explores the discoveries concerning gender differences in human development. All research framework has been gathered from reliable sources that base their data on statistics and scientific findings. The main objective of this report is to indicate how males and females tend to differ greatly in their brain, cognitive, social-emotional, and moral development. Brain differences across genders occur as early as prior to birth, for male fetuses have a thicker right hemisphere as female fetuses. Scientists have also discovered male brains to be generally larger, but less symmetrical than female brains. In the very first days of life, a girl’s left hemisphere responds quicker to verbal sounds. In addition, even later in life, verbal IQ tests point out that girls are at a more verbal advantage, whereas boys are more skilled in visual and spatial abilities. Many believe this superiority is associated with levels of testosterone, a hormone known to be found in higher levels in males. Hormones found in men and women also have a great impact on their social-emotional development. Females are thought to be more emotional than men, however, males are as emotional. To be more accurate, each sex tends to process mental states in a different manner. Lastly, this report will cover how rules incorporated in a boys’ and girls’ games affect their moral reasoning later in life, causing boys to lean towards law and justice while girls leaning towards empathy and relations. For further research, this subject matter aims to call into question the methods of how individuals may parent, educate, and support their children using advantages their daughter or son’s brain may provide in order to succeed in their present environment. Introduction Amidst the advancement of today’s technological innovations, researchers around the world were able to reveal nearly 100 major differences between male and female brains (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). Acknowledging these differences may â€Å"help you to understand how to best use the advantages your brain provides, what to be aware of around the disadvantages, and how to make changes that will enhance your ability to succeed in your present environment† (O’Brien, 2007, p. 4). Gender differences can be tremendously visible and viewed from various points, however, the discoveries encountered exceed past what the eye can see. Having said that, males and females tend to differ greatly in their brain, cognitive, social-emotional, and moral development. Gender Differences in Brain Development The brain of males and females differs in its structure, function and the method of processing information. These differences initiate prior to birth, for male and female brains distribute tasks to each hemisphere in a dissimilar arrangement (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). Considering this information, research has revealed that boys lean towards having a thicker right hemisphere as early as they are fetuses (Eliot, 1999, p. 434). The most evident dissimilarity found in the brain across genders is the overall size. Generally, the human brain tends to be 8% larger in males than females (Eliot, 1999, pp. 431-432), nonetheless, females have a noticeably larger hippocampus and splenium of the corpus callosum (Jantz, 2014, p. 2) (Eliot, 1999, p. 432). White and grey matter, tissues of the brain and spinal cord, are also used in different amounts across genders; male brains apply seven times more gray matter in their activities, whereas female brains make use of approximately ten times more white mat ter, which is due to more blood flow in female brains (Jantz, 2014, pp. 1-2). Although identical in makeup, the level of neurochemicals managed in human brains varies between sexes as well (Jantz, 2014, p. 1). It is also said to be that women’s brains are more symmetrical than men’s (Eliot, 1999, p. 432). Correspondingly, women tend to be at an advantage when it comes to linguistic skills because although verbal centers are commonly found in the left hemisphere, women generally have them on the right hemisphere as well (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). This cognitive ability, alongside others, is stated to be due to the dissimilar process in which the brains of men and women are wired. Gender Differences in Cognitive Development Owing to the fact that the sequence of development of the various brain regions differs in males and females, this aspect also affects various points related to cognitive development. In the initial days after birth, a girl’s left hemisphere is quicker to respond to verbal sounds than a boy’s (Eliot, 1999, p. 434). Later in life, women continue to clinch on to this quick response as they are quicker at alternating between tasks (Jantz, 2014, p. 1). Assessments have shown that females tend to attain a higher level in matching items and recalling details after reading paragraphs and stories better than males do (Kimura, 1999, p. 2). Additionally, verbal IQ tests indicate that girls are expected to be more advanced in linguistic abilities, whereas boys are more advantageous when it comes to visual and spatial tasks, such as mental rotation, navigation, mathematics, and science (Eliot, 1999, p. 430). Given these spatial and strengthened motor skills, men throughout evolutio n were chosen to hunt animals successfully as women spent most of their time nursing and caring for their children, thus enhancing their linguistic skills (Eliot, 1999, p. 431). Females may also excel in this field because they have more operative communication between both hemispheres, this enables them to involve both sides of their brain to the same degree for many types of activities (Eliot, 1999, p. 432). Visual-spatial coordination is increased in boys through their engagement in activities, such as pushing trucks around and kicking soccer balls. Whereas playing with dolls increases a girl’s verbal skills through social interaction sorts of pretense play (Eliot, 1999, p. 433). However, the causes of these differences in cognitive development do not end here. Visual-spatial abilities are also associated with levels of testosterone found in each sex. Poor ability is caused by very high or low levels of testosterone. Therefore, women with high testosterone levels and men w ith low testosterone levels do best on tests linked with visual-spatial abilities. This phase occurs in women before their ovulation, whereas it arises in men during the spring (Wade, n.d., p. 4). These testosterone levels and the abilities covered may not only demonstrate a difference in cognitive development, but also provide purpose to how one deals with society and emotions surrounding their environment. Gender Differences in Social-Emotional Development An evident gender difference recognized by many societies around the world is the social-emotional developmental aspect in both men and women. Many believe that females tend to be more emotional than males, however, studies have discovered that emotional instability not only occurs in women, but also in men at equivalent levels (Wade, n.d., p. 4). Given that girls are more verbally emotive and use the right and left hemispheres of their brains when reacting to emotional events, they are capable of describing their feelings at a more advanced level than boys, giving them an impression of being more sensitive (McBride, n.d., p. 3) (O’Brien, 2007, p. 3). On the other hand, throughout the process of analyzing emotive memory, men may unintentionally move on to other tasks that are unlinked to feelings, making it seem as though they are avoiding their emotions (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). Relating back to an earlier topic, male and female bodies contain the same hormones, but in different a mounts. That being said, men have more amounts of androgens while women have more amounts of estrogen hormones (Wade, n.d., p. 2). Relatively, women’s moods and choice of partners relates to hormones that manage their menstrual cycles (Wade, n.d., p. 4). Women with high estrogen levels have a tendency to be involved in peaceful relationships and upholding connections. Serotonin, a neurochemical that is responsible for one’s sense of calmness, desires and aggression levels, is discovered to be 30% more present in women than in men, which may also contribute to the peaceful relations some women may maintain (O’Brien, 2007, p. 4). However, aggression and sex drive are due to testosterone, an androgen hormone, which is found higher in level in men (Wade, n.d., p. 3). Testosterone in a teenage boy’s body also causes him the desire to be left alone and reduce any type of social activity, with the exception of sex and sports (O’Brien, 2007, p. 1). Due to how males process testosterone, they tend to be more impulsive, competitive, aggressive, and need different methods than girls to relief stress (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). However, statistics have also presented that women tend to be four times more anxious than men (O’Brien, 2007, p. 3). Therefore, when faced with anxiety, stress or fear, women tend to stick together by maintaining their social connection as a way of sponsoring a sense of safety (O’Brien, 2007, p. 1). As indicated, many of these social-emotional points are noted to be commonly different across women and men due to convincing developmental causes. Gender Differences in Moral Development One development difference that may not be as noticeable as the preceding matter is females and males’ moral reasoning. Kohlberg’s moral development theory states that moral reasoning is concerned with justice and consists of six developmental stages that are placed into three levels: pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality (HHG notes, 2014). By means of this theory, women are unlikely to be present at the sixth stage, generally fixed in stage three, where a person’s moral reasoning is governed by pleasing others in the society. During childhood, games played by males usually contain rules, which lead them to be more concerned with authorized rules and reasonable techniques when resolving any arguments and fights in the future. As for girls, it is more probable for them to end a game rather than continue it, for their relationships are more important to them. Unlike men and their rules, women base their moral reasoning and resolve moral dilemmas by relating their problems to their relation with the person, and giving thought to who will be least hurt in the process (Travis, 1982, p. 1). Correspondingly, Carol Gilligan, another theorists, states that females may reflect upon care, relationships, and connections, rather than justice and law, in their moral reasoning when faced with a moral dilemma (Donenberg Hoffman, 1988, p. 1). Gilligan found that women are placed at a lower level on Kohlberg’s scale than men because they put themselves in the place of the other person and account for the relation they have with that individual. On the other hand, men place higher because they detach themselves from society, making the process of relating to the dilemma that much easier (Donenberg Hoffman, 1988, p. 2). This is further proved when relating moral thinking to sexual behaviour and the outcome of it. For example, research states that when having sex, women think about the aftermath while men focu s on the activity itself. One may be able to indicate that females tend to believe that social hierarchies will ruin relationships, while males believe it will build them (McBride, n.d., p. 3). As a result, men and women seem to grow unalike when approaching a moral dilemma. Conclusion As with every other aspect of human development, researchers have proven many concrete and perceived differences across genders provided by variances found in their brain, cognitive, social-emotional, and moral development. The structure, function, and method of processing information are three of the many dissimilarities found in brains of men and women. On account of these differences, numerous cognitive ability variances, such as verbal skills favouring women and motor skills favouring men, arise. In addition, this verbal superiority reasons why many individuals believe that women tend to have an edge over men when regarding self-awareness, emotions, and empathy toward others. Consequently, unlike men, rather than forming their reasons by referring to the law, women tend to reflect upon social relations and connections. Therefore, â€Å"understanding gender differences from a neurological perspective not only opens the door to greater appreciation of the different genders, it als o calls into question how we parent, educate, and support our children from a young age† (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). References Donenberg, G. R. Hoffman, L. W. (1988). Gender differences in moral development. Sex Roles, Vol. 18. Retrieved from http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/45582/11199_2004_Article_BF00288055.pdf?sequence=1 Eliot, L. (1999). What’s going on in there? How the brain and mind develop in the first five years of life. United States: Bantam Books. Jantz, G. L. (2014, February 27). Brain differences between genders. Psychology Today. Retrieved from www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hope-relationships/201402/brain-differences-between-genders Kimura, D. (1999). Sex differences in the brain. Scientific America. Retrieved from http://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/langimp/genderbrain.pdf McBride, W. (n.d.). Boys will be boys, girls will be girls. Center for Recruitment and Retention of Mathematics Teachers. Retrieved from http://crr.math.arizona.edu/GenderKeynote.pdf O’Brien, G. (2007, Fall). Understanding ourselves: Gender differences in the brain. Columbia Consultancy. Retrieved from http://www.columbiaconsult.com/pubs/v52_fall07.html Travis, C. (1982, May 2). Women and men and morality. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/02/books/women-and-men-and-morality.html Wade, L. (n.d.). The new science of sex differences. WordPress. Retrieved from http://lisawadedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/wade-forthcoming-the-new-science-of-sex-differences.pdf

Essay --

The documentary titled Killer at Large: Why Obesity is America’s Greatest Threat is a documentary shedding some light on the growing trend of America and its expanding waistlines. The documentary is geared to unmask the epidemic of obesity in our country. The film sheds some light to our society is how our society is fixated with living and unhealthy lifestyle. The film goes on to inform you on how bad the situation really is, where two-thirds of the American population qualifies as obese or overweight. The documentary tried to uncover the root and causes of how this epidemic came to be and how it can be reversed. This documentary shows great examples on how obesity is a rapidly growing epidemic as important as terrorism according to Former Surgeon General Richard Carmona. He stated, â€Å"Obesity is a terror within. It destroys our society from within†¦.† If we don’t take responsibility and change our horrible eating patter we are going to be doomed. One of the main reasons for obesity other than the lack of a healthy diet is the modernization of our world. In the years when our parents... Essay -- The documentary titled Killer at Large: Why Obesity is America’s Greatest Threat is a documentary shedding some light on the growing trend of America and its expanding waistlines. The documentary is geared to unmask the epidemic of obesity in our country. The film sheds some light to our society is how our society is fixated with living and unhealthy lifestyle. The film goes on to inform you on how bad the situation really is, where two-thirds of the American population qualifies as obese or overweight. The documentary tried to uncover the root and causes of how this epidemic came to be and how it can be reversed. This documentary shows great examples on how obesity is a rapidly growing epidemic as important as terrorism according to Former Surgeon General Richard Carmona. He stated, â€Å"Obesity is a terror within. It destroys our society from within†¦.† If we don’t take responsibility and change our horrible eating patter we are going to be doomed. One of the main reasons for obesity other than the lack of a healthy diet is the modernization of our world. In the years when our parents...

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: Symbols :: The Glass Menagerie

Symbols in The Glass Menagerie In the play, The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, Williams uses many symbols which represent many different things.   Many of the symbols used in the play try to symbolize some form of escape or difference between reality and illusion.   The first symbol, presented in the first scene, is the fire escape.   This represents the "bridge" between the illusory world of the Wingfields and the world of reality.   This "bridge" seems to be a one way excursion.   But the direction varies for each character.   For Tom, the fire escape is the way out of the world of Amanda and Laura and an entrance into a world of new dimensions.   For Laura, the fire escape is a way into her own world. A way to escape from reality.   Amanda perceives the fire escape as a way for gentlemen callers to enter their lives.   She is also trying to escape her own vacant life.   Our author, Tennessee Williams utilizes the fire escape as a literal exit from his own reality as well.   His wa y of escaping is through the play.   In Tom's opening speech, he says, "I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion."   This quote refers to Williams' own life told through the play.   Everyone in the play seeks haven from their lives, attempting to escape into an imaginary fallacy world.   In "The Glass Menagerie," Williams' fire escape portrays each of the character's need to use the fire escape as a literal exit from their own reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Glass Menagerie is set in the apartment of the Wingfield family.   By description, it is a cramped place located in the city of St. Louis.   It is one of many apartments in the neighborhood.   Of the Wingfield family members, none like living in the apartment.   The only reason that traps them in their submissive dwelling is poverty.   The concept of escaping their own lives and retreating into an illusion world has entered each of the character's minds.  Ã‚   Escaping from this lifestyle, this apartment, and these relationships is a significant theme throughout the play.   These escapes are linked with the symbolic "fire escape" as well as the absent Mr. Wingfield.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. Wingfield left his family for a life on the road.   "He worked for the telephone company and fell in love with long distances."   This action left Tom with all of the responsibilities in the family including taking care of his half-mad, overbearing mother, Amanda and a disabled sister, Laura.

One Proposal for Peace Based on A Modest Proposal Essay -- English Lit

One Proposal for Peace Based on A Modest Proposal There is a grave national crisis occurring all across the nation. Children everywhere are committing acts of hostility in their schools. Schools are no longer a safe haven for children but are now considered war zones where victims are abundant and violence is the enemy. Fifty-seven percent of public elementary and secondary school principals reported that one or more incidents of crime or violence occurred in their schools and were reported to law enforcement officials. Ten percent of all public schools experienced one or more serious violent crimes. Some 6,093 students were expelled during the 1996-1997 academic school year for bringing firearms or explosives to school. Students ages twelve through eighteen were victims of more than 2.7 million total crimes at school as indicated in the School Crime and Safety 2000 Report by U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice, 2000. Factors contributing to school violence are numerous, complex, and include the following: poverty, dysfunctional families, lack of paternal involvement, unemployment, truancy, and inner-city environment. Adequate parental supervision and control of these students has weakened, and many students have diminished respect for all forms of authority. As a result, schools are confronted with problems of students possessing weapons, involved with gang recruitment and rivalry, and engaged in drug trafficking. Such problems lead to violent ac...

Aspects of Human Resource Management

Aspects of Human Resource Management The main focus of Human Resource Management is personnel and how they can be best utilized to accomplish the mission of the organization based on several aspects of the department. These aspects are Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action, Human Resource Planning, Execution and Selection, Human Resources Development, Compensation and Benefits, Safety and Health, and Employee and Labor Relations. Each area serves a dual purpose of helping the employer provide a better environment to their employees and ensure the success of the company.This paper will reflect on each aspect of human resource management and discuss how they work together to perform the primary function. Almost all aspects of human resource management are affected by Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action laws. These laws govern the human resource process of recruiting, selecting and promoting the best and most qualified person for the job. It protects employees or pote ntial recruits from discrimination based on race, color, gender, age, religion or national origin (as cited by Youssef, 2012. Sec 1. 5).One example of discrimination in the workplace would be an employer asking applicants to list their background/ethnicity on an employment application with the intent to use that information for hiring purposes. This type of business practice is illegal and can have damaging consequences such as a class action lawsuit or a negative image on the organization. Decisions concerning all aspects of human resource management should be based off the best interest of the company. The more diverse a company is the more effective it can operate because it brings new ideas and different perspectives to the table.Another important aspect of human resource management is planning. Planning is the process of setting a goal or task, and determining step by step how an organization will achieve those goals. In order for an organization to achieve its strategic object ives it requires a lot of planning. This major task is one of many functions performed by the human resources department. human resource planning is responsible for managing all matters relating to employees. They must accurately predict the number of employees the rganization will need in order to achieve the organization’s strategic goals. Having too many or too little employees can hinder the organizations ability to operate efficiently, effectively and competitively. Once it is determined how many employees are needed, human resource staff must select qualified applicants to fulfill desired positions based on an employee’s knowledge, skill and abilities. Also, they must plan how to best utilize the workforce’s skills and talents in order to obtain a competitive advantage over their counterparts.Furthermore in relating to human resource planning, part of achieving an organization’s goal is it must have the right amount of people to do the job and a pla n on how to retain them once the selection process has occurred. For example, in order for the military to achieve its strategic objectives, it must have the right number of soldiers to fulfill certain jobs or tasks. Like any other organization, in order to be considered for a position in the military, you must take an aptitude test to determine what jobs in the military would best suit your abilities.Based off how you score will determine what jobs you qualify for. This score is known as the Armed Forces Qualification Test Score and is important because it determines whether you can join the military service of your choice. Each branch of service has set their own minimum AFQT score. Another part of strategic planning in the military is retaining soldiers and in order to retain qualified soldiers they offer incentives such as sign-on bonuses, reenlist bonuses, assignment preferences†¦ etcHuman Development is another aspect that is essential to the management, training, and imp rovement of employees. At different stages of their careers, employees need different kinds of training. Human Resources Management’s role is to provide this training to employees to sharpen their skills and the organization’s capability. When the organization invests in improving the knowledge and skills of their employees, the investment is returned in the form of productivity and effective employees. As time passes and technology changes the role of training and development programs will be transformed.As employees, we need to be flexible and partake in continuous learning. Also, updating your skill set will be critical to your personal and professional success. In order to measure the effectiveness of training, there are several steps you can take to ensure it works. The first step would be to ask for feedback from the employees once training has been conducted. If the training does not pertain to the actual job or is lacking pertinent information the employeesâ₠¬â„¢ feedback can help improve the training.The next measure to take to test the effectiveness of training is to administer a pre-test and post-test and compare the results. The pre-test will tell you how much knowledge the employee started with, and how much they really learned from the training at the end will be revealed with the post-test. The last step is to observe an employee work to see if what they learned in training is actually being applied to the job. Everyone has their own reason for working and money is usually the most important factor because it pays the bills.However, employee benefits are equally as important to keeping employees motivated to work. Healthcare costs can become extremely expensive, especially for those families with medical issues and having insurance to cover those costs can benefit more than pay. Additionally, with inflation and the cost of living rising, people cannot afford to live off social security alone. A pension plan can help supplement so cial security benefits after retirement. Other types of employee benefits provide security for families in the event of disability or death.Human Resource Management has a responsibility to ensure the health and safety of their employees. Every organization should have policies and procedures established for integrating health and safety practices in the workplace and ensure resources are available to assist employees in the event of a mishap. This aspect correlates with training because human resource managers should ensure that employees are aware and familiar with all the hazards that exist within their immediate work center and know how to report any issues if someone becomes injured or ill.

Indian Secularism: a Theological Response Essay

1. INTRODUCTION For many years religion has been a dominant force in all human societies, embracing all aspects of human life. The world was sought to be understood and explained in terms of religion. It was with the path breaking discovers in the world of physical sciences and as well as the social movements like the reformation and the renaissance that broke away the domination of religion in the middle Ages. Thus there was a gradual process by which the church and state began to be separated in the west. The first foundation of secularism began to be laid with this separation. Secularism appeared as an opponent to Christianity but in course of time, it was identified as a way of life and an interpretation of life that did not admit any kind of communal prejudice. But by and by, the secular attitudes became necessary for a modern rational society. Secularism has been a critically important development in the modern world. In India, secularism attains an added significance because of the fact that Indians have been deeply wedded to religious consideration in the past and is hardly devoid of such consideration even today. It is because of the fact that the India represents a multiplicity of socio-communal groups. Secularism is the spirit which enlightens the constitution of India. But the incorporation of secularism in India and especially into the constitution was itself the culmination of a historical process, which is the key to understand our present day secularism. Therefore one must find out the foundations on which the whole structure of Indian secularism has been raised. My seminar paper is attempt to analyse the historical back ground of the origin Indian secularism, its developments, threats that Indian secularism faces and a theological response to Indian secularism. 2. SECULARISM; DEFINITION AND ITS MEANING The term secularism was created in 1846 by George Jacob Holyoake in order to describe â€Å"a form of opinion which concerns itself only with questions, the issues of which can be tested by the experience of this life† . Holyoake was a leader of the English secularist and free thought movements. According to Holyoake government should work for the benefit of the working classes and poor based upon their needs in the here and now rather than any needs they might have for a future life or for their souls. For him secularism would mean that which seeks the development of the physical, moral, and intellectual nature of man to the highest possible point. The concept of secularism was originally developed as a non-religious philosophy focused upon the needs and concerns of humanity in this life, not the possible needs and concerns associated with any possible afterlife. . The word secular means â€Å"of this world† in Latin and is the opposite of religious . As a doctrine, secularism is usually used to describe any philosophy which forms its ethics without reference to religious dogmas and which promotes the development of human art and science. Secularism was also designed as a materialistic philosophy, both in terms of the means by which human life was to be improved and in its understanding of the nature of the universe. The first and perhaps most common understanding of â€Å"secular† today stand in opposition to â€Å"religious.† According to this usage, something is secular when it can be categorized with the worldly, civil, non-religious sphere of human life. A secondary understanding of â€Å"secular† is contrasted with anything that is regarded as holy, sacred, and inviolable. According to this usage something is secular when it is not worshipped, when it is not venerated, and when it is open for critique, judgment, and replacement . ‘In political terms, secularism is a movement towards the separation of religion and government. This can refer to reducing ties between a government and a state religion, replacing laws based on scripture with civil laws, and eliminating discrimination on the basis of religion. This is said to add to democracy by protecting the rights of religious minorities’ . The society which practices secularism is known as secular society or state. The salient features of secular society or state are the following. Secular society is not homogenous, but is pluralistic. It is tolerant. There is a deep respect for individuals and the small groups of which they are a part and equality for all people. Each person should be helped by society to realize their particular excellence. It breaks away the barriers of class and caste. India by its constitution is considered as a secular state . It is in this context I am trying to find the historical back ground of Indian secularism. 3. HISTORY OF INDIAN SECULARISM Secularism in India has very different meaning and implications. The word secularism has never been used in Indian context in the sense in which it has been used in Western countries. India is a country where religion is very central to the life of people. India’s age-old philosophy as expounded in Hindu scriptures called Upanishad is ‘sarvadharma samabhava’, which means equal respect for all religions . The reason behind this approach is the fact that India has never been a mono-religious country. Even before the Aryan invasion India was not a mono-religious country. There existed numerous tribal cults in Indian even before Aryan invasion and most of whom happened to be Dravidians. The advent of Christianity and Islam also added more religious traditions to existing Indian traditions. Thus it would be correct to say that India is bewilderingly diverse country in every aspect of religious, cultural and caste. Though the idea of secularism in the West was the separ ation of religion from the State, in India it acquired a different meaning and shape. It is because Indian secularism was a response to a different and unique historical situation. Religious toleration was a part of Indian historical tradition. It existed before the idea of secularism was introduced to India. It got coupled with Indian secularism and became its base and foundation. Secularism in India was conceived as a system that sustained religious and cultural pluralism. Some researchers believe that the history of Indian secularism begin with the protest movements in the 5th century B.C. The three main protest movements were by the Charvakas (a secularistic and materialistic philosophical movement), Buddhism, and Jainism. All three of them rejected the authority of the Vedas and any importance of belief in a deity . Here I am going to analysis the historical origin of Indian secularism through different stages of Indian history. 3.1 Secularism in the Pre- Colonial Period or in feudal India Under feudal system there was no competition between different religious traditions as authority resided in kings and generally there were no inter-religious tensions among the people of different religions. They co-existed in peace and harmony though at times inter-religious controversies did arise. There was also tradition of tolerance between religions due to state policies of various kings since time immemorial from Gupta Kings to Ashoka and Akbar. Many religious sects and practices kept away from rigid intolerant forms . The contribution of king Ashoka to the development of secularism or we may say the tolerant existence of all religion is admirable. His approach was more humanistic. He was very tolerant towards all religion. Ashoka gave great importance to the ideal of tolerance towards different ideologies and religions. According to Romila Thapar, Ashoka’s definition of social ethics is based on a respect for all religious teachers, and on a harmonious relationship between parents and children, teachers and pupils, and employers and employees. Contributions of kings like Ashoka and Akbar gave a solid foundation to Indian secularism . Thus Indian had a very different face of secularism, which based on the tolerance and mutual respect. But by the coming of British rule there was drastic change in understanding secularism. 3.2 Secularism in British India By the 18th century, British East India Company slowly began to gain total control over India along with it the ideas of secularism began to have impact on the Indian mind. Until then, religion was considered to be inseparable from political and social life. British codified laws pertaining to practices of each religion separately as part of their divide and rule policy. In doing so they laid the foundation for a non-uniform civil code which remains largely unchanged to date. During the British rule, the main challenge was not between religious and secular but it was between secular and communal. In the western world main struggle was between church and sate and church and civil society but in India neither Hinduism nor Islam had any church-like structure, hence there never was any such struggle between secular and religious power structure. The main struggle was between secularism and communalism. The communal forces from Hindus and Muslims mainly fought for share in power though they used their respective religions for their struggle for power . The contribution of Christian missionaries to Indian society and especially to the growth of secularism is admirable. Evangelism that they followed was based on respected freedom of choice and promoted the ideas of religious freedom. They could develop morality based on humanism which promotion of the ideas of human dignity, worth, and freedom. One of the greatest achievements of British rule was modernization of education by promotion of secular knowledge. Missionary’s social work was the application of the ideas of human dignity, equality, and worth . This gave rise to the emergence of Indian freedom fighters. Their understanding of secularism was different. They intertwined secularism with nationalism. 3.3 Secularism in modern India After independence and separation a large number of Muslims were left in India and for this reason the leaders like Gandhi and Nehru favored to keep India secular in the sense that Indian state will have no religion however people of India will be free both in individual and corporate sense to follow any religion of their birth or adoption. Thus India remained politically secular but otherwise its people continued to be deeply religious. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India was great champion of secularism and secular politics. Theoretically speaking the Congress Party was also committed to secularism. However the Congress Party consisted of several members and leaders whose secularism was in doubt. Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, and Surendranath Banerjee were the prominent Indian national congress leaders whose understanding of secularism was moderate. One of the most outstanding moderate leaders was Dadabhai Naoroji who was considered as the founder of secular nationalism in India. His idea of secularism was that religion and politics must be separated. He went further than this and asserted that religion must be subordinated to politics. He believed in Swaraj, according to him it can be achieved only through the political union of all Indian people belonging to various creeds and classes. For him secular nationalism was a way to mobilize and unite whole people of India belonging to different creeds and classes to fight against British whose rule created disastrous consequences on Indian economy. Since he belonged to a minority community of India, promoted and believed in the idea of religious toleration. His idea of secularization implied and represented nationalism, anti-imperialism and anti-communalism. He urged Indians to subordinate their loyalty to their religion at the alter of their devotion to their nation . Nationalist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilk, Lala Lajpat Rai were of the position that Indian nationalism was religious nationalism not secular nationalism. They were known as extremists in Indian national congress. The extremist school mixed religion and politics. They used religion in arousing sentiments of nationalism among the Indian masses. They consciously and deliberately used religion as the basis of their nationalism. For them nationalism was the prime consideration and highest value which should be achieved by all means. They believed that as soon as nationalism gets deeply rooted in India, secularism would inevitably get promoted because nationalism itself is an agent of secularism. They were not in favor of a theocratic state, but they accepted the conception of India remaining a multi-religious community and firmly believed in Hindu-Muslim cooperation. They used religious symbols and terminology to expand and intensity devotion to the mother land. Their strategy was to use religious feeling and sentiments to create great love for mother land among Indians irrespective of religions. For that they revived the memories of the Vedic past of Hindus and used the neo-vedantic movements and the cult of mother worship. The negative side of this religious nationalism was that it caused for communal violence among Hindus and Muslims . Gandhi viewed secularism from a religious perspective. He believed that religion and the State are inseparable, that ir-religiosity encouraged by the State leads to demoralization of the people and that, therefore, the State’s religious policy should be pluralistic with equal respect to all religions. Mahatma Gandhi believed that all deities were manifestations of the One and all religions led to the same goal. It was this kind of a pluralistic approach to religion that made him to oppose religious conversions . Gandhi said that his opposition to conversions, especially of Christian conversions, originated from his own position that all religions were fundamentally equal and that equal respect, (Sarva-dharma-samabhava) not mutual tole rance, was the need of the hour. He also accused Christian Missions of using social services to net in converts. He argued that the Harijans had ‘no mind, no intelligence, no sense of difference between God and no-God’ and that they could no more distinguish between the relative merits than could a cow . Thus, the Gandhian pluralistic perspective of secularism disfavors conversions, especially among the Harijans for at least two reasons, firstly since no religion can claim absolute truth and since all religions are fundamentally equal, conversions are out of question and secondly secularism provides freedom of religion to all people alike without considering their intellectual ability and it is unjust. Thus the real spirit of Gandhian understanding of secularism is all inclusiveness, religious pluralism and peaceful co-existence . Jawaharlal Nehru interpreted secularism from an agnostic point of view. For him religion stands for stand for blind belief and reaction, dogma and bigotry, superstition and exploitation, and preservation and exploitation of vested interests’ . During the Independence Struggle, it was Nehru, Jinnah, and Subhash Chandra Bose who upheld that it was wrong for religion to interfere in politics. According to him ‘all human enterprise should be delivered from religious dominance and should become more apparent’ . As an agnostic, he believed in rationality, secularism, and a scientific approach as the true means of progress in India. He understood that the destruction of religious superstition by secularism was the only means to a peaceful India. He viewed secularism as a great cementing force of the diverse people of India whose mind is divided on the basis of religion. For him it was the necessity of the time to replace religion with secular values to grow together in unity and fraternity. Nehru represented the Western form of secularism very well. While Gandhi stressed on the equality of all religions and religious pluralism, Nehru was more inclined towards the modernity of the Enlightenment. It was the able leadership of a secular visionary such as Nehru that held India together through out the early unstable years of the country. Nehru’s agnosticism and rationalism had no place for religious dictates in political matters. Therefore, he was able to see religion with a scientific eye and keep religious fundamentalism away from interfering in Indian politics . 4. SECULARISM IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION The concept of secularism as embodied in the Constitution of India cannot be viewed in the sense in which it is viewed in the West, but in the context of the following provisions of the Constitution: the Constitution guarantees freedom of conscience, freedom to profess, practice and propagate religion and also freedom to establish religious institutions and manage or administer their affairs. It prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion and guarantees legal and social equality to all by providing equality before law and equal protection of laws, prohibiting discrimination with regard to places of public importance and providing for equal opportunity in matters of public employment. The Constitution also guarantees religious minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice and to conserve their script, language and culture. This provision of the Constitution naturally indicates that the Indian secularism is being built upon the freedom, e quality and tolerance in the field of religion. The essence of secularism is that the state is neutral in its relationship with religions . Thus, the distinguishing features of a secular democracy as reflected by our constitution are, firstly that the state will not identify itself with or be controlled by any religion. Secondly while the state guarantees to everyone the right to profess whatever religion one chooses to follow, it will not accord any special treatment to any of them. Thirdly no discrimination will be shown by the state against any person on account of his religion and faith. Fourthly the right of every citizen, subject to any general condition to enter any office under the state will be equal to that of his fellow citizens . The basic outlines of the secularism are enshrined in the different Articles of the Constitution, they are; Preamble says India is democratic, republic, socialist, secular country. Secondly no State Religion: There shall be no ‘state religion’ in India. The state will neither establish a religion of its own nor confer any special patronage upon any particular religion. So the Indian constitution gives important to no religion but all treated equally. The distinguished characters of this secular aspect of our country can be drown from this. They are; the state will not compel any citizen to pay any tax for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious institution (Article 27). No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly run by state funds. Even though religious instruction is imparted in educational institutions recognized by state or receiving aid from the state, no person at lending such institution shall be compelled to receive that religious instruction without the consent of himself or of his guardian. In short, while religious instruction is totally banned in state-owned educational i nstitutions, in other denominational institutions it is not totally prohibited but it must not be imposed upon people of other religions without their consent (Article 28). Thirdly the freedom of Conscience: every person is guaranteed the freedom of conscience and the freedom to profess, practice and propagate his own religion, subject only. Fourthly, equality before law Article 14 grants equality law and equal protection by the laws to all. Article 15 enlarges the concept of secularism to the widest possible extent prohibiting discrimination on grounds of religions, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Article 16(1) guarantees equality of opportunity to all citizens in matters of public employment and reiterates that there would be no discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, sex, color, place etc. Fifthly and finally the cultural and educational right Under Article 29 and 30 certain cultural and educational rights are guaranteed. Article 29 guarantees the right of any section of the citizens residing in any part of the country having a distinct language, script or culture of its own and to conserve the same Article 30 provides that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice . Therefore our constitution can be considered as manifesto of Indian secularism. This is sum and substance of Indian understanding of secularism. The main thrust of Indian secularism is not aversion towards religion but religious tolerance and equal respect to all. This is very different from the western understanding of secularism. But communalism, religious fundamentalism or favoritism of politicians towards particular religion create big challenge to Indian secularism. Now I am going to deal with the major threats of Indian secularism. 5. THE MAJOR THREATS OF INDIAN SECULARISM India has been declared a secular state by its written constitution and it is every Indians duty to stand by and believe in this declaration. And yet recent political and social events have questioned the secular nature of India. Is India a secular country only on paper or does secularism actually exist in India; or is in the form of pseudo- secularism, a term the BJP and its allies seem to repeatedly harp on. One of the salient features of Indian secularism is its religious tolerance or peaceful co-existence of all religion. This is violated due to communalism or fundamentalism. The B.J.P. and its aliens criticize the present day secularism as â€Å"pseudo-secularism†, which spoiled the minorities at the expense of the majority and demanded that special rights for minorities be taken away . Communalism among these parties created lot of violence in our country. The attack on the Mosque at Ayodhya led to a rash of violence across the country. The events leading to the demoliti on of Babri Masjid and their aftermath of communal carnage mark a watershed in the history of free India. The traumatic events clearly exposed the chasm that had been created between the two communities by communal forces. Today, the biggest challenge to the Indian secularism is Hindutuva.The communal forces are actively propagating the myth that Secularism is a new mask of fundamentalism. They denigrate the secular policies, which are a hindrance to Hindu Right’s unobstructed march to subjugate the oppressed in general and minorities in particular. They are equating fundamentalism with Islam; and the policies of Indian rulers with secularism, and the appeasement of mullahs as being synonymous with secular policies. Further, Hindutva forces accuse that secularism pampers the Muslims as a vote bank. The Muslims are accused of extra-territorial loyalty because they allegedly cheer for Pakistan whenever India and Pakistan play cricket. Since Muslims are being thought synonymous to fundamentalism; therefore the assertion that the Indian state is appeasing fundamentalists in the name of secularism. It is precisely on this charge that the Father of Indian Nationalism, Mahatma Gandhi, was assassinated by one of the votaries of Hindutva. The Christians, who are much lesser in number, are accused of being more loyal to the Vatican. Christians are being accused of conversion, which is in way a great threat to Indian secularism. Christians are trying to convert poor Hindus with inducements of education and food. It is against the gospel values of freedom and dignity. Conversion should take place within the heart, which means with right knowledge and freedom. But the violence against Christian on the ground of conversion is not right. Who can forget the brutal burning of Graham Staines and his two minor sons by a member of the Bajrang Dal in the name of religion? Or even the rape of some sisters in Gujarat, their fault being the spreading of the word of their God. Another important hazard to Indian secularism is the lack of uniform laws for all religions. In Indian each religion has particular laws apart from the common law. It creates lot of problems regarding marriage, adoption etc. Though it is granted by our constitution which was made by British and it was the part of their divide and rule policy. This has to be changed for bringing unity among the Indians. This will help the minority sometimes to take advantage over majority. Some of these particular laws are dehumanizing and against equality that our constitution grantees to all. 6. INDIAN SECULARISM; A THEOLOGICAL RESPONSE Our father of nation, Gandhi once said that â€Å"I do not expect India of my dreams to develop one religion, i.e., to be wholly Hindu or wholly Christian or wholly Mussalman, but I want it to be wholly tolerant, with its religions working side by side with one another.† This is the dream of every citizen of India. But what we see in our present day is the big threats to our secularism, especially envisaged by our great leaders and also carved in our constitution. For Indians the concept of secularism means the peaceful, respectful co-existence of all the people in spite of differences. The time has come for each one of us as Indian theologians to discuss and find out the ways for solving or facing the major threats to our secularist existence. We need a country where all people are considered equally, treated with equitable opportunities for his or her own personal development. We need a country where all are respected not on the basis of social status but on the basis on dig nity or human value that we all possess. We all are created in the image and likeness of god. The image or dignity that we all have is the basis of our peaceful or mutual respectful co-existence, which is threatened by the communalism, religious fundamentalism etc. India being a traditional society which contains not one, but many traditions owing their origin, in part to the different religions that exist here, has retained the secular character. Ours is a society where Sufis and Bhakti saints have brought in a cultural acceptance for each other. But due to the wasted interest of some people who have concern for their careers as politicians or leaders rather than welfare of people mess our secular nature of our country. There were successful to create hateredness in the heart of Indian people. There should not be any feeling of otherness as we all have a shared history. What we have to develop is humanistic secularism where all are respected on the basis of each one’s dignity. Our rights and obligations are grounded in the dignity of people and which helps us live in communion with god and in solidarity with others . The pastoral constitution of second Vatican Council, GS 24 says, ‘God, who has fatherly concern for everyone, has willed that all men should constitute one family and treat on another in a spirit of brotherhood. For having been created in the image of God†¦all men are called to one and the same goal, namely, God himself†¦ for this reason, love of God and neighbor is the first and greatest commandment†¦indeed, the lord Jesus, when he prayer to the father, â€Å"that all may be one†¦ as we are one†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ opened up vistas closed to human reason. For he implied a certain likeness between the union of the divine persons, and in the union of god’s sons in truth and charity. This likeness reveals that man, who is the only creature on the earth which god willed for it, cannot fully find himself except through sincere gift of himself’. Therefore, as we are having not one history but many history of different religious origin, we need to develop feeling of members of same family with equal dignity and right. Today what we need is community based on love, toleration, mutual acceptance. For this we need new metaphors of love which will empower us in our enterprise for creating solidarity with social group, building bridges between communities. Jesus gave us the law of love, to love one’s neighbor as oneself. He preached against retaliation, and showed the way of forgiving. We need to create mutual respect for all accepting each other as equals, and members of same family which is prime spirit of Indian secularism. Being Christian we are accused on conversion, which in fact one of the causes for persecutions against us. But the original theology of church does not tell us that we have to spread the gospel by any means. According to Jesus conversion is from the heart. Real conversion takes place in the heart. It pulls us away from the forceful conversion. By forceful conversion I mean is that conversion without full knowledge and freedom. We make people as members of church by offering food, education but real conversion should happen by means of our selfless service. People of other religions of India respect our selfless service to the humanity. There is truth in every religion. All religion gives the way to god. Therefore conversion doses not look nice in our present day society. India’s secularism and its constitution articulate the basic assumption of India’s people, namely, that religions are not contradictorily opposed but complementarily related, not withstanding their serious differences. This assumption is in keeping with the ideal of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. The wisdom of secularism India is that it promotes true religiosity, as envisaged in Indian constitution, and as enunciated in the preamble to the constitution: justice, liberty, equality and fraternity . Therefore what we need is that practice of Indian religiosity which is based on justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Goyal, Raju. Secularism and Indian thought. Ritu Publishers, Delhi, 2000. 2. Kalliath, Antony and Irudaya, Raj., ed. 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