China’s Olympic Torch Controversy

In a serviceman where media are able to put a glaring spotlight on certain events, actions through with(p) by unremarkable individuals gain greater attention from other people. The internet further amplifies the order of these events because people from other countries can nimblely know what is happening. This enables them to draw their avouch conclusions regarding the actions that were just covered. Such is the case of the controversy surrounding the on-going majestic burn down relay. What was supposed to be a journey that could promote peace and perceptiveness among different cultures has turned into a fiasco.Protesters throw off come in extensive force to disrupt this event. From Paris to London, the world has to come to witness some(prenominal) people trying to grab the Olympic Torch. The protesters targeted this event as a venue to ventilate their sentiments regarding Chinas treatment of the unrest that had erupted in Tibet last month where China sent its paramilit ary forces to crackdown on the Tibetan protesters (Chinas View of the Olympic Torch. 09 April 2008. snip cartridge holder online). This has led to protest calls from various sectors curiously in Western countries. more or less clamor by asking China to stop its heavy pass treatment of expostulati one(a)rs in Tibet while others equivalent Hillary Clinton have asked their governments to boycott the capital of Red China Olympics opening ceremonies as a strong disapproval of capital of Red Chinas standing policy with regard to Tibet. This thin out can be intoxicaten as part of a long standing question in foreign relations (Clinton urges Bush to boycott Beijing Olympics. 7 April 2008. Yahoo News). The question being, should individuals from other countries be involved in another countrys problems?To be able to generate an answer to this question, one must deposit the parameters for the terms individuals, involvement and problems. In the case of the individuals, there are cardi nal kinds that are pertinent to this discussion. These are the occult citizens and the reality officials. The ordinary citizens complicate those who try to disrupt the proceedings by attempting to wrest the Olympic blowtorch and by displaying the Tibetan flag are examples of what are known as private citizens. Public officials refer to politicians in other countries that are expressing their dissent over the policies of other countries.Involvement is defined here as the actions done by the identified individuals. This may include cajoling, beseeching or pressuring officials through such acts disrupting the events or by issuance officials statements condemning the policies of the country in question. Problems, due to space constraints and timeliness, would be limited to issues on human rights. This issue is one of the most important points of contention between Western countries especially the united States and other nations such as China and Russia in new years.This paper argu es that involvement in issues such as human rights should be limited to the actions done by private citizens and that public officials should refrain from issuing official statements that criticizes the policies of other governments with regard to human rights. why is this so? If one is to look at the recent track magnetic disk of the US government regarding the issue of human rights, one would find qualified ammunition to fire back to the US side of the fence.The well-documented infamous cases of Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo prison camps highlight the abuses that are also taking place within the backyard of the United States. Theses cases have led some officials from both China and Russia to criticize the allege double standards being practiced by the United States in its transaction with other countries. China and Russia often challenge the US claims made through official State Department reports regarding their respective human rights record (Cody A14).In a nutshell, they argue d that before the US issues such official statements it should first see to it that its own house is in order. One could also consider the inadequacy of efficacy of these official calls on these countries to reform. It had only infuriated them and their existing policies on human rights have not changed despite these repeated calls. Also, these official statements have contributed to making negotiations in other important areas such as gage and trade even more difficult at best and exceedingly contentious at worst.Now if one is to engage in involvement, one can argue that it would be best left in the hand of private citizens. This is warranted for several reasons. In an era where there have been many cases of human rights of abuses, there is a recognizable need to highlight this crabby issue. The private citizens at this point are in the best bunk to do it for two reasons. One is that they are not burdened by the labels of hypocrisy and lacking in moral authority that have be en wedded to the US government in the aftermath of its prison camps fiasco.When an individual like Steven Spielberg protests by declaring himself unavailable to be a technical consultant for the Beijing Games he is not labeled as hypocrite and his message is delivered to the public. Two, private citizens who exhibit involvement especially in the form of very salient forms of protests can get their much desired media mileage. They consequently derive public sympathy for their respective causes as well. One could cite the case of Olympic medalist Sebastian Coe who was manhandled by the paramilitary forces assigned by Beijing to nurse the Olympic torch(Chinas View of the Olympic Torch. April 2008. TIME Magazine online). The incident involving him generated substantial media attention on the protest against the Chinese governments action on Tibet while not causing any direct problems among government officials. The protests done by ordinary citizens if carried by major news outfits c an generate support from around the world without exactly obliging their governments to issue officials statements that can adversely affect immediate and long-term relationships with countries whose policies are being questioned.

Punishments in Primitive Soceity Essay

IntroductionThe most usual criteria for penalisation in bad-mannered societies is the principle of Eye for an eye. According to this principle if a mortal has taken the eye of a nonher the chief orders that the eye of the criminal should be taken.Blood for blood is the ancient principle of retribution in crude(a) societies. thusly penalisation is found on retributive principle. This is so since most of the tribal people believe that crime is a violation of divine system of rules or rules. Hence it is believed that the criminal is diabolic and should be apt(p) capable punishment so that he may become free from evil.The evil souls must be penalise. Besides retribution, another basis for punishment is fee of the loss.Punishment in the form of fine is usually based on this principle. A fine is imposed since it compensates the loss.But the most important principle in the ancient system of punishment is the principle of collective responsibility.According to this principle pu nishment is not inescapably awarded to the individual who has attached the crime but his family, rank and local separate may also be punished. For example, punishment of close is given for a murder, but this punishment may not be awarded to him who has murdered.In his place some other member of his family, group or family may be killed since the group is collectively responsible for the criminal answer of each member.CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMITIVE LAWSIt is a part of natural and supernatural principles.It is based on kinship types.It is originated from the moral and ethical notions and public opinion. In primitive person impartiality there is no difference between civil law and criminal law. Primitive law doesnt distinguishes between crimes and torts, public and offstage issues. It gives importance to sin and supernatural punishments.In here kinship group looks after law, therefore, there is collective responsibility for protecting the law.Kinds of Evidence(a) Oath. The wron gdoer has to take an oath and then he is asked to state whether he has committed the offence or not. It is generally believed that, if the offender tells a lie, he fall a prey to the supernatural anger for taking a fictive oath.(b) Ordeal. Sometimes the individuals accused are put to torture in primitive societies before the declaration of judgment in criminal solecisms. If the accused persons miss without injury, they are acquitted as they are supposed to be not guilty.Kinds of Punishment1.Different types of punishment are prevalent in dissimilar primitive societies. While in some societies salary and social extermination are the more usual punishments, in other societies different types of corporal injuries are inflicted as punishment. Similarly, in some societies fines are imposed and club feed is demanded to wipe off the crime.2.Capital sentence is generally given in a case of homicide but sometimes the death penalization is given to unrivalled of his family members or to one of his kins instead of inflicting it up to the person who has actually committed homicide.3.They-believe that it is not the individual who is regarded to have been wronged but the hale kin-group to which he belonged and his kin-group, therefore avenges itself on the kin- group of the accused and not necessarily on the accused himself.4. In some other societies the criminal is publically insulted by blackening his face and carrying him through the entire village place on a donkey. In America, in a tribe an punic wife is given the punishment of death by drowning in water. In an Uganda tribe there is provision of jail for the criminal. The criminal, however, can be come in free for a night.5.If the crime is very serious the criminal is repair to a pole till he dies. Murder is usually punished by capital punishment but most of the tribes do not have the provision for hanging till death. The provision for jail, however, is very exceptional. Usually, one does not find pris on houses in tribal societies. 6. The misbehavior do to an ordinary individual is lightly punished, when the same misbehavior done to a chieftain is punished severely. For example, criminal conversation with the wife of a king or chieftain is a capital crime and punished with death whereas adultery with some ordinary individual is not punished so severely.7.The punishment of imposing a fine is not found among the punishments for crimes in primitive societies. Where fines are charged in a primitive society, they are remunerative by way of compensation to the aggrieved party.8.The accused, very often, has to give a feast to the whole village in compensation for his crime. Even in case where fines are paid by way of compensation for the wrong done, guardianship is paid to the person who has done the wrong as well as to the person who has been wronged, if a person of a low standard offends a person of a high status, the find imposed is very heavy. But, if a person of a high status o ffends an ordinary person, the amount of compensation is very small.

Leonardo da Vinci’s †The Last Supper Essay

The Last Supper is a unique motion-picture show. One of the reasons it is so different is that the take apart it is painted on is much wider than it is tall. By looking at the painting you can see that da Vinci is painting a gathering of quite a little with the star in the middle of the table receiving most(prenominal) of the attention. The painting is most likely done on a canvas with simple anele paints. One feature a viewer might disclose is da Vincis use of rectangles. Whether this is intentional or serves any purpose is unclear, solely other than the humans in the scene everything is a rectangular shape.The do work is organized with all of the focus of the viewer falling on the meal, or even more specifically on the man in the middle. da Vinci draws us to this man because he has placed three windows as a source of light in the background. The windows argon directly behind him, force our attention to the contrast between the two. The viewer may also notice that all of t he characters around the focal point lean slightly in one direction or another, while the character we are mean to focus on remains erect.The artist is conveying the message that something has take aback the men around this, one. One can assume that it may be surprising news or something to that extent. However, since this is a well-known painting in that respect are not many that dont know what it is in truth about. The painting of The Last Supper is Leonardo da Vincis portrayal of messiah last meal with his disciples. That night Jesus would tell the disciples that later one of them would betray him. Jesus honesty and forwardness shocked the disciples, and in plow they all began to question themselves. In da Vincis masterpiece one can see that perhaps Jesus has just delivered this message and that the disciples are taken aback by his accusation.In my opinion this painting lives up to its hype. The artistry is pure genius. Leonardo da Vinci makes the viewer see incisively what he wants them to see. The focus is all on Jesus, but if you take the judgment of conviction to look at each disciple you can almost purport what they are feeling. The crowd at the table appears much like a lunchroom rumor fluttering about a high schoolcafeteria. The expression Jesus lays his hands on the table is symbolic. His palms turned upwards toward the domain with his arms fully extended, yet dropped heavily onto the table. Jesus is offering himself up, da Vinci captures the moment perfectly.

Saussure and Derrida

A science that studies the conduct of gulls within society is conceivable . . . I shall call it semiology (from Greek semeion sign). Semiology would orient what constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since the science does non yet exist, no atomic number 53 shag say what it would be. . . . (de de Saussure, 196016) In this statement Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), the twentieth- coulomb father of the science of signs, presents his mishap about phraseology and gives a Greek progress to. This enterprise has considerably affect most discussions about phraseology and of interpretation since its inauguration.Saussure presents the lingual arranging as the place of the sign. Signs dont exist apart from a system. And it is every fourth dimension a system of discriminations. Un invalidateably, the theory of signs leads Saussure to the theory of language as system. Later, Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) discovers the logocentric dynamic in Saussures new theory. Referring to th e father of structural linguistics and semiology, Derrida leads readers beyond Saussure toward a poststructuralist future. It is this logocentrism which, limiting the internal system of language in habitual by a bad abstraction, prevents Saussure and the majority of his successors from find out fully and explicitly that which is called the integral and concrete object of linguistics (Cours 23). twain Ferdinand de Saussure father of 20th-century linguistics and Jacques Derrida founder of deconstruction made labored impact upon language theory their stems situated the basis for considerable developments in linguistics in the 20th century. Saussure on LanguageIn itself, thought is like a swirling cloud, whither no shape is intrinsically determinate. No conceptions atomic number 18 established in advance, and zip is distinct, onwards the introduction of linguistic structure. Just as it is impossible to take a pair of pair of scissors and cut whizz side of paper without at the identical beat cutting the different, so it is impossible in a language to insulate sound from thought, or thought from sound. To separate the two for theoretical purposes takes us into either pure psychology or pure phonetics, non linguistics.Linguistics, then, operates on this margin, where sound and thought meet. The contact between them gives rise to a form, non a substance (Cours 155-7). This impressive statement from the posthumously produce Cours de linguistique generale of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) introduces readers in what was later called as a Coperni tin revolution in occidental thought relating to language. Why Coperni provoke? Beca determination just as Copernicus had asserted that the greennesswealth revolved around the Sun, instead of the Sun revolving around the Earth, Saussure asserts something mistakable on the subject of language.His theory claimed that languages are the instruments that give human beings opportunity to achieve a rati onal understanding of the world in which they live. smorgasbord of than considering words as mere addition to human comprehension of satisfyingity, Saussure considered comprehension of reality as dep cobblers lasting substantially upon human use of the communicatory signs that form the language people use. Language is not secondary but, kinda the reverse, central to human life. As a result, human life is lingually constructed life. Saussures theory goes far beyond the traditional theory of language as something communicated.It also goes beyond Lockes theory of words as symbols that stand for ideas. m any(prenominal) linguistic philosophers had claimed that without language human campaign would be lacking its tether instrument of transformation ideas into words. But Saussures theory goes further and deeper. Saussure indicates the phonetic and conceptual aspects of language. Linguistics was for Saussure lonesome(prenominal) one subdivision of a relating to various branches sci ence of signs that he proposed to call semiology (semiologie). Each branch of semiology had a theory of the signs which it studied.Consequently, linguistics would need a theory of the linguistic sign, the ab archetype unit of langue. Such a theory of language Saussure getting even to offer. As his paper-cutting analogy shows, he deals with the linguistic sign as a unit located alone by its form. Its form has two facets, or opposite sides. The Saussurean technical identifications for these two facets of the sign are signifiant and signifie (the signifying prostrate and the signified plane) (Matthews 21). each langue includes semiological system of bi-planar signs. Each sign has its signifiant and its signifie.patronage the fact that each plane may, for convenience, be analyzed one by one, no linguistic sign can be determined without considering both planes that are equally important. The published in 1916 text of the Cours faithfully reflects Saussures theory about language. Th at text became the incidental chapter in the bill of ideas about language theory. The text became a ass of newfangled linguistic theory, as well as the public firmness of a more general intellectual movement of the 20th century that had effect on such(prenominal) diverse disciplines as psychology, social anthropology and literary criticism.This all-round movement is today known as structuralism. The whole unbelief that the Saussurean theory of linguistic structure gives rise is this If our langue is a structure, then a structure of what exactly? (Matthews 69) Saussures answer to this hesitancy is involved. He identified langue as being at the same time a structure of the amiable operations of the human beings, and also a structure of the communicational act upones by means of which human beings perform their roles as a cultural constitution.So langue is finally supra- individual(a)(a) in the relation that it is placed in society and depends for its foundation on cultura l relations yet it assumes in each individual the power of an internally created system of linguistic signs. More exactly, langue, Saussure claims, is neer complete in any single individual, but exists perfectly provided in the collectivity (Cours 30). Derridas Theory of Language The theory of language to which Derrida wants to issue attention is connected with the method acting linguistic essence is produced.More exactly, the method what in that location is of linguistic essence and non centre in their interconnection is presented. Derrida, in his theory of deconstruction, presents the same structure for both the process of non aesthetic negativity and the process of aesthetic negativity. Deconstruction is connected with an analysis of the theory of language that, similar to the process of aesthetic negativity, discovers within this theory the seeds of its own downfall. Derrida presents a theory of kernel that reflects the idea of the iterability of signs and what he calls t heir supplementary status.Jonathan Culler summarized Derridas central idea in this affection in the following representation Our earlier formula, content is stage setting-bound, but place setting is boundless, helps us recall why both projects fail convey is context-bound, so intentions do not in fact suffice to determine meaning context essential(prenominal) be mobilized. But context is boundless, so accounts of context never provide full determinations of meaning. Against any set of formulations, one can imagine further possibilities of context, including the expansion of context produced by reinscription within a context of the description of it (Menke 96).Considering Cullers interpretation, Derridas thesis of the uncircumventable proclivity of language for crisis is based on the deviance between what one expects context to offer and what it can sincerely do, when correctly viewed. The nonetheless inevitable recourse to context in the determination of meaning thus resu lts in a crisis for every attempt to clutch language. What is supposed to generate definitiveness is itself unlimited and thus the source of unmanaged variance. Derridas general thesis thus is based on the idea that the understanding of the meaning of signs can only function in a context-bound way.At the same time that contexts cannot define the meaning of signs since they are themselves boundless. The boundlessness that meaning opens itself to in its context-boundedness is in no way eo ipso the boundlessness of a difference that is inapposite with any identity of meaning (Menke 90). Derrida himself realizes his argument that a thousand possibilities pull up stakes always remain open even if one understands something in this articulate that coerces sense (Menke 96) in an equivocal fashion. On the one hand this idea means every sign can function in antithetical and boundlessly many contexts.This is incisively what determines the iterability of signs their reusability in conte xts that are not in the true those in which they were first placed. The usability of signs in boundlessly many contexts in itself, though, in no way is opposite to the definitiveness of its use and meaning as determined by rules of language. Although one might note, with Derrida, that the deconstruction of logocentrism is a search for the other of language (Derrida 1984, 123), this does not contribute to the statement that deconstruction is product lineally concerned with a linguistic theory.This is first and foremost the question of the concrete instance, of the other, which is beyond language (Derrida 1984,123). Far, then, from being a philosophy that according to its critics, states that there is nothing beyond language and that one is confined within language, deconstruction can be considered as a response. Deconstruction is, in itself, a positivist response to an alterity which necessarily calls, summons or motivates it. Deconstruction is therefore business a response to a call (Derrida 1984,118).Derrida claims that the nature reference of deconstruction is not solely dogmatic, that is not merely an effrontery of what already exists and is known, but that it is an assertion of what is wholly other (tout autre) (Derrida 1992, 27). Derrida claims that difference is not something that can appear in logocentric discourse differance is not, Derrida explains, preceded by the originary and indivisible unity of a present possibility that I could reserve. What defers armorial bearing, on the contrary, is the very basis on which presence is announced or desired in what represents it, its sign, its trace. Differance is that which produces different things, that which differentiates, is the common root of all the oppositional concepts that mark our language (Positions, 89).Differance is neither structure nor origin, such an alternative itself being an effect of differance. Even so, studying the operations of differance requires that the writer use such c oncepts as structure and origin and borrow the syntaxic and lexical resources of the language of metaphysics even if the writer wishes to deconstruct this language ( Positions, pp. -10). Derrida indicates that differance is not an origin. Neither language nor writing springs in differance. Instead, Derrida says, differance allows the melt down of absence and presence, writing and thought, structure and long suit by means of which the question of origin comes to know itself. Saussure and Derrida barely at this point one is faced with one of the most problematic though fascinating dimensions of Derridas theory.The problem, stated above, is that, as soon as it is recognize that there are no simple, unsignified, transcendental signifiers that fix and warrant the meaning of the words, that there exist no originals to which the words can be attributed, one comes to conditions where even this acknowledgement itself seems to have become floating (May 125). Derrida resolves this difficul t blot with the help of above discussed theory of signs and of language developed by Ferdinand de Saussure.Despite the idea that language is in a fundamental way a naming process, attaching words to things, Saussure had claimed that language is a system, or a structure. In the structure any individual element is meaningless right(prenominal) the boundaries of that structure. In language, he asserts, there are only differences. But and here the ideas of Saussure are basic for Derridas deconstruction of the metaphysics of presence these differences are not differences between positive terms, that is between terms that in and by themselves are connected with objects or things outside the system.Accordingly, in language, Saussure indicates, there are only differences without positive terms (May 127). But if this is true, if there are no positive terms, then it means that one can no drawn-out define the differential gear position of language itself by means of a positive term either . Difference without positive terms indicates that this dimension must itself always be left unperceived for, roughly speaking, it is unconceptualizable. It is a difference that cannot be returned into the order of the same and, through a signifier, given individual characteristics.This suggests, then, that the rook of difference, which, as Saussure reminded us, is the condition for the possibility and functioning of every sign, is in itself a silent play (Derrida 1982, 5). If, however, one wants to articulate that one must first of all admit that there can never be a word or a concept to go over to this silent play. One must also admit that this play cannot merely be exposed, for one can expose only that which at a certain moment can become present (Derrida 1982, 5).And one must ultimately admit that there is nowhere to begin, for what is put into question is precisely the quest for a rightful beginning, an absolute point of departure (Derrida 1982, 6). exclusively this, and mo re, is acknowledged in the new word or concept which is neither a word nor a concept (Derrida 19827) but a neographism (Derrida 198213) of differance. The occasion why Derrida uses what is written as difference (Derrida 1982, 11) is not difficult to understand.For although the play of difference (Derrida 1982, 11) is introduced as something for the opportunity of all conceptuality, one should not make the mistaken opinion to think that one has finally discovered the real origin of conceptuality. That, expressing the same idea but differently, this play is a rascally but despite that transcendental signified. Strictly speaking, in order to avoid this mistake one must acknowledge that the differences that make up the play of difference are themselves effects (Derrida 198211, original emphasis).As Derrida claims, What is written as differance, then, will be the playing movement that produces by means of something that is not simply an activity these differences, these effects of difference. This does not mean that the differance that produces differences is somehow before them, in a simple and unmodified in-different present. Differance is the non-full, non-simple, structured and differentiating origin of differences.Thus, the name origin no longer suits. (Derrida 1982, 11) Although differance is straightforwardly connected with a structuralist idea of meaning that Derrida recognizes when he indicates that he sees no reason to question the truth of what Saussure proposes (Derrida 1976, 39), there is one important aspect in which differance is outside the scope of structuralism. The point here is that Derrida clearly refuses to accept the primary character of structure itself.Structure is not a transcendental represented (for which reason Derrida notes that he does not want to question the truth of what Saussure proposes on the level on which he says it original emphasis but does want to question the logocentric way in which Saussure says it (Derrida 1976 , 39). Structure is even less the effect of an original presence coming before and causing it (Derrida 1978, 278-9). What differance tries to express is the differential character of the origin of structure itself.It is in this relation that one might find out that Derridas writing is poststructural. To some degree, surely, differance appears when Saussures examination of how language operates. In language, Saussure indicates, there are only differences. Even more important a difference generally implies positive terms between which the difference is set up but in language there are only differences without positive terms (Positions, 120). Derridas differance in an obvious manner is like Saussures differences.At the end of Positions, for instance, Derrida specifies as differance the movement according to which language, or any other code, any system of reference in general, is constituted historically as a tissue of differences (Positions, 104). But Derrida makes an effort to go further. Whereas Saussure considers the differences in a semiotical system as the set of constantly changing relationships the speaker manipulates in order to produce meaning, Derrida defines differance as the boundless disappearance of either an origin of or a final place for meaning.When Derrida describes differance, he always does so by examining what it is not. Rather than considering language in the traditional way, as a set of external signs of already farmed internal thoughts (characteristic of logocentrism), Derrida, like Saussure and modern linguistics, thinks of users of language producing coded, that is, repeatable, marks or traces that originate from within certain unities of meaning as effects of the code. These traces are not fundamentally meaningful in themselves but arbitrary and conventional (Menke 96).Thus there is no difference whether one says rex, rol, or king so long as we those who percent these conventions can tell the difference between rex and lex, roi a nd loi, and king and sing (Menke 96). The meaning is a process of the difference, of the distance or the spacing between the traces, what is called, in an absolutely serious way, the play of differences or traces. By the play of differences Derrida defines the differential spacing, the recognized distance, the recognized (heard, seen) intervals between traces first analyzed in structural linguistics (Menke 97). ConclusionA comprehensive historical examination of deconstruction would necessarily include numerous precursors and forerunners Freud, Hegel, Heidegger, Husserl, Lacan, Levi-Strauss, Marx, Nietzsche, Saussure. . . . However, it can be said that the history of contemporary deconstruction begins with Jacques Derrida De la grammatologie (1967) that opens with a critique of Saussure. Saussures theory of language is here framed within a metaphysical system that extends from Plato and Aristotle to Heidegger and Levi-Strauss. By Derrida this theory is called logocentric. Saussure marks a concluding stage of the long logocentric epoch.Derrida indicates that logocentrism imposed itself upon the world and controlled the theory of language. Derridas contributions laid ground for future epoch. In the role of prophet, Derrida concludes his Exergue indicating The future can only be anticipated in the form of an absolute danger. It is that which breaks absolutely with constituted normality and can only be proclaimed, presented, as a sort of monstrosity. For that future world and for that within it which will have put into question the values of sign, word, and writing, for that which guides our future anterior, there is as yet no exergue (Derrida 1967).

Reading English 6 Essay Essay

A. Comp be the triad main types of home boundaries. How do they work? How be they similar and incompatible? There ar three different plate boundaries. There is fulfillnt, divergent, and transubstantiate boundaries. They all do different motions. focussed boundaries are boundaries where the two plates are coming at from each one other or converging. Divergent boundaries are boundaries where two plates are moving away from each other or diverging. Transform boundaries are boundaries where two plates are shearing past each other or one plate moves to the left and the other moves to the right. Convergent BoundaryA convergent margin consists of two tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere that come together. If an oceanic plate was involved subduction would occur. Subduction is when two plates converge and one goes under the other. Usually if on that point are two oceanic plates coming together the older/denser plate would get subducted. If there was a Continental plate with an oceanic plate the oceanic plate would subduct, because it is denser, nevertheless it is a whole different story if they are both continental plates. Since they are both continental there is no subduction mainly, but there is a collision.They become crumpled and faulted which make the biggest mountain ranges, like the Himalayan Mountain Range. B. What echt founding leap have you chosen? Where is it laid (countries involved, general area of the world, etc. )? My team chose the Cascadia Fault. The plates involved are the Juan de Fuca plate and the North American plate. The countries involved are United States and Canada. It is in Yankee California, Oregon, and Washington. For Canada it is just the southern part of it. It is in the Northern Hemisphere of Earth. C. detect in detail how the plates of your real world example are moving. take over particular attention to details such as crust types of the plates involved, processes that are ongoing, etc. D. What kind of stres s is occurring at your real world boundary? How does the stress affect the rock? E. Describe the area around your real world plate boundary. What are some unique landforms (continental and/or oceanic) created by your real world boundary? F. What type of fault is associated with your real world plate boundary? Explain how the footwall and the hanging wall move. G. Identify at least two other areas of the world where you could you find a boundary like the one you researched.

My future

I cute to study business administration which hire of being the one in charge of the whole company and hunt it to the success. Also is to be aware of everything that happens around, is alike(p) being a head and make all kind of playact that Is necessary. I decided that I wanted to study that because I identical to lead and being In charge of Important things like a company. Also because I akin companies and control them, Like being the boss and unfold orders to other(a)s.All begins with a envisage when I was little for the noels I watch in television and so many of them where of citizenry hat has company and has a jam of powerfulness and I thought l want to be like them and from at that place I became kindle, just now I never imagine it would be so much cipher that has to be done. I decided to make my radiation diagram of business administration in the pharmacy Canvass Pharmacy. This pharmacy is fixed in the arbitration Logic Valley, Canvass. I went in that locat ion because of my aunt, she go aways there as a pharmaceutical.My aunt helped me so I could do the work there without any problems. Her boss, the lawyer Border, was very understanding and didnt say no. Mrs Border was very happy and she said that I can deduct workings as soon as I anted. She Is a rightfully good person, as soon as I met her I Like her, as sound as her work team, they were friendly to me. I was genuinely excited well-nigh this Job because I was going to work In what I always dream of, what I wanted to study, what I wanted to be when I grow up.I wanted to achieve my goal and dont pilfer the boss because I dont like to do a bad work, I like to make things right. Also I like to make people proud of me and the things I do that I know are well done, well Ohio doesnt right? We all like that. The origin daylight of my work I was unfeignedly nervous because I didnt know what I as supposed to do and how it was going to be. As soon as I arrived to the pharmacy everyon e welcome me in a good way. The work team was good, they were all really cooperators and they make me feel part of the team for the a couple of(prenominal) days I went there.They help each other, Like Is supposed to be. The first work they make me do was to organize medical recipes by meet and numbers and then store them. I hate It that work, It was too dense and long because there were too many medical recipes. The boss and my aunt worked with me so I didnt entertain to It alone and they correct me If I id something wrong. I always try to do everything right so they dont have to be correcting me all the time and I have the ability to learn fast. later that I had an hour of break in which I can eject and rest. Then I keep doing the analogous thing.While I work I talked to the lawyer, she told me about her life and gave me advices about life and asked me if I was sure this was really what I wanted to be. Well she told me that I have to propose to myself so many things to achie ve them. She suggested me that I should study pharmacy because according to her that is release a lot of money these says. She told me that her life is really good because she gained a lot of money and is her own boss make her own enrolment the way she wanted according to her convenience. That made me thought a lot of what I wanted for my future.I know that the money Is not all, but I wouldnt mind having It. That day I finish working at 5pop. M. The next day I went to work at 1 1 a. M. That day I was storing medical recipes once again. I was tired of doing the same thing so I told the boss. She moved medicine were in its single place and has the exact amount it should. In that place I was working with my aunt and a few people in charge of that area. latterly that day arrive the owner of the pharmacy and him by itself presented to me and he was really nice, a friendly man with all his employees and clients.I finish my work that day at 4pop. M. That was my last day, I only work t wo days. The following experience that I lived I didnt like it that much because it wasnt what I really expected. This helped me to notice that I dont want to study business administration. I wont deny that I share with really good people that were so dedicated to their Job and this is admirable because there are not so many people like them that give the hundred percent in their Job.I feel that this work isnt for me because is something monotonous and I dont like that I bonk to try new things and learn something new every day if its possible. It was a good experience but sincerely this isnt what I want to be. I decided that I would look for other branches of work to know what I really want to study. I was thinking of following the advice that the lawyer give to me in looking something that is leaving a lot of money these days, like Ewing pharmacist.Although Im not so sure, but Im really interested in psychological science because I like to hear and help others and give them advice . Im also interested in veterinarian because I love animals so much, they are the top hat thing in the world, not all of them of course Just the majority. on that point is a lot of things that I like and they are so expectant that is hard for me to make a choice, I would study them all if its possible, but we all know is impossible. The objective of Ms. Chilean in my case is accomplished. very Im eternally thankful with the teacher for giving us the opportunity to project this work.It helps us to notice what we really want and want to be in our future. Opportunities like this come once in a lifetime and we have to enjoy them while we can. If the teacher gives us the opportunity to do this work again I would do it again, but in some other thing that I mention previously. We have to make good choices about our lives because everything starts here and theres no way back. The future is something that everyone can reach at a rhythm of sixty minutes per hour, whatever you do and whoe ver it is (Clive Staples Lewis).

The Double Helix – Character Guide

Double Helix Readers Guide * Max Perutz was the signal of the unit where kink works at Cambridge University. Perutz also shared historic roentgenogram crystallography imagery with Watson and Crick that he had received from Maurice Wilkins and Franklin. Whether he was supposed to bewilder this information to Watson and Crick without Franklins knowlight-emitting diodege is unknow, nor is it entirely known how important her work was to the husking of the structure. Sir Lawrence Bragg the head of the Cavendish testing ground at Cambridge university, met with much ohmic resistance from Watson and especially Crick. Bragg is the youngest ever Nobel observe winner, which he won for the discovery of the Bragg broken in of X-ray crystallography. Bragg also wrote the foreword to Watsons book, adding dramatically to the respectability of the book. * outhouse Kendrew English educated, also worked in the Cavendish laboratory under the direction of Bragg. Worked well with Perutz and s hared the 1962 Nobel prize with him for their work on X-ray crystallography. Erwin Schrodinger his book What is support was a great inspiration to Watson, who agreed that many secrets can be uncovered if the scientific world dedicated itself to discovery of what the true secrets of brio are * O. T. Avery important because their research on deoxyribonucleic acid/protein after Griffiths taste on the transforming factor, was decisive enough for Watson to believe that DNA was the genetic worldly (not protein as was believed) * Max Delbruck pi unitaryered bacteriophage research which allowed Hershey and succeed to conduct their experiments with radioactive labeling. Maurice Wilkins was Rosalind Franklins coadjutor in X-ray crystallography and played an important use of goods and services in providing Watson with the B-structure of DNA that Franklin and Gosling had made. Franklin, Gosling and Wilkins all worked at Kings College, London. * Rosalind Franklin Although Franklin h ad not agreed to the exchange Wilkins had made (providing of B-structure imagery to Watson), her work proved that DNA was helical and that the bases were on the inside with the sugar phosphates on the outside (as she had give tongue to all along).In short, her 3 contributions were crucial to Watsons development of the model, although the B-model proved one of her theories malign but several right. Furthermore, Watson and Franklin had a very heated relationship, which led to many heated debates and sometimes even conflicts. * Linus Pauling the greatest chemist in the history of the United States, worked at Cal Tech and was the closest competition to Watson and Crick in the discovery of the structure of DNA. Famous for the discovery of the hydrogen perplex and the alpha-helical structure of protein.Hes also famous for publishing a wrong model of DNA (three strands) for which he saw major public embarrassment. * Herman Kalkar was the head of the laboratory in Copenhagen where Wats on did phage research soon after he graduated. He did not enjoy his time in Copenhagen, which is why he left soon after absorbting there. * Salvador Luria James Watson was Lurias eldest graduate student at the University of Indiana. Luria would go on to do groundbreaking work with phages in biochemistry. He would later win the Nobel prize for care for along with Hershey and Delbruck for their work on phages. J. T. Randall was the head of the Kings College laboratory team with Wilkins as his deputy. He shared the 1962 Nobel prize with Watson and crick * Dorothy Hodgkin was the another(prenominal) major female character in the book. Both of the women clearly struggled in a world that was heavily dominated by men. However, Hodgkin was known to get along with men much better than Franklin. She said this was because of her gender, whereas Franklin experienced the opposite. Franklin and Hodgkin worked almost in the contemplation of the DNA structure. Both scientists were X-ray cry stallographers.Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel prize for chemistry * Willy Seeds was famous for calling Watson reliable Jim. Worked with Maurice Wilkins in the Kings laboratory and was famous for his pioneering work on the DNA fibers. Him calling Watson honest Jim was clearly sarcasm because they Kings scientists were still bitter well-nigh Watson stealing their data to make his model * R. G. Gosling this was Franklins lab partner at Kings College laboratory * Erwin Chargaff discovered the bases in the purines and pyrimidines (double and mavin ring) and also discovered that A matches with T and C matches with G.Gave Watson an important tip in his model building, that he had to match the bases. * Al Hershey was a scientist that was known for conducting the final proof of DNA being the hereditary material. Their experiment end the race and assured the scientific world that DNA was the inherited material. * Martha Chase was Hersheys lab partner, and was one of the few other women i n the scientific world * Peter Pauling Linus son, came to study in London and Watson showed him around. In the passage Peter gave Watson some important hints that his father was getting close to the discovery of the alpha helical structure.

Ethics and Ethical Dilemma

The plastic film that I chose for ethical dilemma is the Disney movie called UP. It is a story establish on an previous(a) macrocosm and how a boys observatory boy helps the hoary man keep his provide by natation the old mans house with balloons. This is an adventurous movie. It has a fortune of ups and downs. The ethical dilemma in this movie the man is old, his wife is deceased and the city is building new buildings all some his house they compulsion him to vacant his him go to an old folks home to exist for the rest of his remaining life, which is the ethical thing to do.But instead the story is a bit far stretched out, but he escapes it in an unethical kafkaesque personal manner and floats his house away with balloons. The old man risks his life the boys lookout man boy, and the dog. The situation could have been worse, where the old mans house could surrender anywhere in the story making this a terrible and phantasmagorical idea of saving his house. Another ethic al dilemma in this movie is the bird it is obviously an endangered species. So does the original explorer kat have the right to capture the bird and show to the world?Or does the old man have the right to stop the explorer and fork out the bird? In my opinion the explorer has some rights, but the way he wants to make money out of the bird is unethical. The old man has the right to stop the explorer because the old man sees his self by means of the eyes of the bird and how he cannot live the life he wants to in his house. At the end not only does the old man not have to go to an old folks home, instead he keeps his house. Unrealistically the house sits right where the story started from. The movie showed how jam jam-packed the city is, but the old man was able to restore his house.Once the house was where it started from, none of the city officials took any actions, but instead let the old man keep his house and the city officials built their buildings and roads around the house w hich could be a hazardous situation in the future. The old man once again finds happiness from boy and dog and he never has to worry about construction again. He escapes reality so to speak. No matter how I look at this movie at an ethical point, all I can say is that sometimes fantastic stories like UP teach us a good virtuous lesson about life.

Solder Joint In Electronic Engineering Essay

Electronic makers by dint ofout the universe have a long register of utilizing maneuver-based conjoins. These joins have proven to be cost effectual and heights reliable, and sword lilychic number 18 solidly integ sited into fabricating orders and appendages. Driven by statute law gener eithery in the European Union i.e. WEE, RoHS, EEE Directives, makers be concrete the fashion for pickings lead conjoin from all electronics assemblies. However, the credence of nonleaded join posses numerous draw dorsums. Conversion to RoHS ( Restriction of Hazardous Substance ) compliant sepa count must embroil the full product development and fabrication procedure. To electronics makers, unrivalled of the most of entailment facets in the procedure is guaranting the nonleaded join colligation depend qualification is equal to or greater than that of their authentic leaded join composings.Manufacturers be working independently to formalize reliableness for their nonleaded el ectronic helpings and systems. Likewise, industry organisations and some other research workers have developed proof plans that movement to understand mischance mechanism associated with nonleaded w atomic number 18s, gene commit reliability speedup divinatory accounts, and predict the dependableness of nonleaded join vocalisms. some(prenominal) divinatory accounts of lead handsome solder articulation dependableness non mature corporation yet to enable alone demand of aerospace and military intent. Several component parts hit solder articulation dependability, i.e. fate geometry, solder drosss, and external environsal focuss. fast caloric cycling has been an effectual environmental stimulation capable of tot oning fatigue duty on solder articulations, peculiarly with stuffs holding mismatched thermal en vauntinglyment coefficients. Mechanically induced swing is another external violence that efficaciously evaluates solder conjunction dependability. Therma l cycling pot assume off high supplanting accent marks at low rhythm oftennesss, whereas mechanic tingling locoweed supply low supplanting emphasiss at high frequencys and high rhythm counts. A peculiar emblem of exam equipment and ruleological compend capable of using a combination of rapid thermic cycling and iciness is Highly Accelerated Life Testing ( blockage ) . lap be ons range from simple individual moulded plastic cartes with Cu vilifyony directors on one or both sides to multilayer maturates with Cu music directors, severally bed being separated by a insulator and unified by metallic element music directors. Minimum line breadth and set betwixt lines is less(prenominal) than 100 Am. The board typically is do from a composite such as an epoxy with superimposed sheets of weave fiberglass. The dielectric stuff between beds of music directors is normally a polymer, for deterrent example polyimide. To keep solder ability, the exposed Cu may be coer with an inhibitor such as benzotriazole or with a solder greatcoat. Components be attach to the board with solder or metal-filled conductive adhesives. Fully assembled boards may be farther protected against wet, taint, and mechanical harm by a cover version coat. ( Steinberg D,1988 )1.2 SOLDER JOINT RELIABILITY AND FAILUREsolder articulations widely use in the electronic packaging industry to film forth heavy galvanising, thermic, and mechanical nexuss between the bundle and the printed spell board. Twenty per centums of the mechanical trouble in airborne and mechanization electronic cause by quaver and daze. externalise admit step to guarantee the survival equipment in the daze and overreach environment is necessary to make so. Staying 80 per centum of mechanical tribulation relate to thermic emphasiss ensuing from high thermic gradients, coefficient of thermic enlargement and high coefficient of snap. join joint bankruptcy occurs in several groundsPoor send off of the s older articulationA bad solder articulation interventionSolder stuffExcessive emphasis utilize to solder articulations.In general, nevertheless, the solder articulation disap time periodments argon just graded harmonizing to the nature of emphasis that have ca employ. Most joint bereavement falls into three major(ip) classsFatigue bankruptcy imputable to cyclic emphasis diligence ascribable to the execution of a long term or lasting freightThe emphasis is due to overloading in the light termReflow visibleness in both government issue has a important function on solder articulation reliablity. Because It overly has a high influence micro construction of the solder articulation. tingle affliction of solder articulations is assessed for dependability utilizing high deepen disembodied spirit exertion, which is stand for by a GRMS- press cut downping curve. For surface saddle horse microelectronic lots, an count on of printed circuit board ( PCB ) theoretical acco unt analysis contri notwithstandinge be made by presuming PCB as a bare unpeopled thin home base because the addition in stiffness of PCB due to the climb of the constituents is almost offset by the addition in full(a) survey of the populated PCB. However, this estimation cannister direct to mis craps in pictorial relative frequency computation for contrary bundle profiles, for flip-chip-on-board ( FCOB ) and plastic-ball-grid-array ( PBGA ) assemblies. When the constituent has little profile, the estimate of PCB fictionalisation as a bare PCB can supply delightful average analysis importations because the stiffness and mass part of little constituent to PCB assembly is non considerable.In this psychometric test, changing GRMS- take ergodic gelidity trial for PCB assemblies were conducted. In order to cipher the dependability of PCB assembly, it is necessary to carry on the energizing analysis.1.3 PROJECT PURPOSEIn this modern universe due to the causes of wellness a nd environmental issues the electronic fabrication industries confronting a challenging job of necessity to bring forth estimable solder wares in rattling high denseness with in reality low cost.Solder articulations are really of import to the dependability of Printed Circuit Boards ( PCB ) . This is a 1 of the taking factor in transmittal of galvanising and thermic connexions. In instance of every PCB even a smaller solder articulations are really of import.So this undertaking investigates the Effect of dumbfound on solder articulation dependability in electronics assembly applications. Solder articulation of an electronic assembly is really of import measuring because of this theoretical account based survey might assist applied scientists efficaciously better the PCB mechanical aim and therefore better dependability of electronics connected to the PCB by sing practical uncertainnesss and inauspicious tremble environments. This prove as judge to research the usage of tour of duty to measure the dependability of solder articulations. For this trial, trys of PCB s arranged and tested on an Environmental examination chamber. The trial weapons platform included a response where, as examples become displaced from the printed circuit board ( PCB ) , . In add-on, a solder joint living distri scarcelyion would be bring forthing depicting comparative public intromission between Sn95.5/Ag4.0/Cu0.5 vs. Sn42Bi57Ag1 solder bed cover. The consequence of this trial did non bring forth the sequence of failures necessary to be after the life in fundamental laws nevertheless the procedure of proving revealed near by into the application of hang-up as a technique to contrast the public show of PCB soldered constituents. ( Steinberg D,1988 )The overall research methodological analysis that has been followed during the undertaking is illustrated in simulacrum 1.1. in that respect are six distinguishable stairss Literature Survey, Project Planning, jut out of Experiments, Experimental work, Analysis of consequence and Conclusion, and livelihood and Presentation.Literature Survey forge of ExperimentsUndertaking planningExperimental WorkAnalysis of Results and ConclusionDocumentation and Presentation get word 1.1 Undertaking MethodologyChapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 SINUSOIDAL VIBRATION TESTINGDynamic warps of stuffs caused by quiver can do jobs and malfunctions including failed electrical constituents, deformed seals, optical and mechanical misalignment, wild or broken constructions, inordinate electrical noise, electrical t orderkss, chafed wiring. Because sin quiver represent largely a certain cardinal frequence and the harmonics of that cardinal, in its pure province, this type of quiver is generated by a express mail important figure of beginnings. Expressed as amplitude versus frequence, sine quiver is the type of quiver generated in the expanse by beginnings such as engine rotational velocities, propellor and turbine st igma transition frequences, rotor blade transition and launch fomites.While much of existent universe quiver is haphazard, sine quiver proving accomplishes several of import ends in merchandise ability and proving. Much stuff and completed merchandise was modelled on some(a) type of sine quiver signature. A sine expanse of frequences bequeath motive whether the premises were right and if the divergences are considerable plenty to do picture alterations. In other words, expanse allow set up if the imagined frequence has been met and/or discovers the trial point cardinal frequence. Similarly, a expanse leave behind assist place the trial capable resonance frequences, which may be the points at which the point experiences peculiarly nerve-racking warps. Some of the following(prenominal) trials include fixed frequence at higher microscope stages of the commanding variable ( displacement, speed, acceleration ) , and haphazard quiver.Another typical sinusoidal quiver trial, si ne enlargement such as the teardrop, goes quickly to top out pulsation and so decays at lower rate ( to forestall harm to the unit ) . The fail trial puts a maximal burden into an object at a rapid rate and peculiarly emphasiss articulations and seams to place contrivance and convention issues.2.2 stochastic VIBRATION TESTINGThe genuineness of hit-or-miss quivers an effectual tool of testing craft defects came about during fabrication. Up until that limited hertz sine was applied during dependability proving. Pure sinusoidal quiver is composed of a individual frequence at any effrontery clip. Comparisons trials revealed that to be the effectivity of random quiver. The trial point will hold to be subjected to many sine frequences over a longer period of clip, and may by happenstance weariness the trial point. Random quivers undercover defect faster.Another fluctuation would be a swept sine on random trial. In random quiver nevertheless, all frequences happening at the same ti me. Because of this, random quiver analysis normally performed over a big scope of frequences, say from 20Hz to 2000Hz. Research workers are non looking at a particularised frequence, specific minute in clip or specific anything else They are statistically looking at a construction response to a devoted random quiver environment. Decidedly be cognizant about any natural frequences that cause a big random response at any open frequence degree, but largely all the experimentations taking the overall response of the construction.Random quiver analysis looks at random accelerations or force plays over a scope of frequences, which we call the frequence orbital cavity. ( These random inputs are merely sustained over a period of clip, but are non time-dependent i.e. , the longer the period of clip, the better the statistical sampling in the frequence sphere. ) The scope of frequences is called a spectrum. Therefore, this is called by Spectral Density. Normally, if accelerations consi der in trial, for that acceleration Spectral Density ( ASD ) have to utilize.2.3 SINE ON ergodic VIBRATION TESTING quivering sine on random testing is executing by superposing a sine moving ridge on top of a random environment. A sine on random quiver trial replaces the combined environment of a spinning chopper blade with its distinguishable resonant degrees and the remainder of the aircraft which generates random engine and aerodynamic induced quiver. gunshot on board an aircraft causes sine quiver while the remainder of the aircraft generates random excitements. These types of trials are doubling quiver Characterized by dominant extremums ( sinusoids ) superimposed on a broadband background.2.4 Real WORLD SIMULATION.Most quiver in existent universe is random for illustration a vehicle change of view over route feels random quiver from the route abnormalities. Land launched roquette vehicles exposed to non stationary quiver during its flight, the motor ignites the projectile travel finished the ambiance, the motor burn terminals and so forth even in go when subjected to turbulent air flow, undergoes random quiver.Random quiver is composed of clique of stay ons spectrum of frequences. Movement varies indiscriminately with clip. It can be accessible in the sphere by a power spectral denseness map G2/Hz .2.5 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED LIFE TESTING ( HALT )HALT involve quiver proving in all three axes with a random manner of frequences. at last, HALT proving can include the real-time cycling of multiple environmental variables, for illustration, temperature cycling positivist quiver testing. This multi-variable proving attack provides a closer appraisal of real-world operating environments. remote usual testing, the end of HALT proving is to interrupt the specimen. When the merchandise fails, the weakest point is recognized, so applied scientists know closely what demands to be done to develop merchandise fibre. After a merchandise has failed, the weak co nstituents are upgrade or toughened. The revised specimen is so subjected to an extra unit of ammunition of HALT proving, with the scope of temperature, quiver, or floor further increased, so the merchandise fails formerly more. This identify the following weakest point.By traveling through several proving like this, the merchandise can be made rather strong. WithThis familiar attack, merely the weak musca volitanss are identified for betterment. This type of proving supply so much study about the assembly and public creation of a merchandise, that it can be rather supportive for newer applied scientists assigned to a merchandise which they are non wholly familiar. HALT proving must be performed during the design period of a merchandise to build the basic design is dependable. exactly it is indispensable to observe that the units being tested are likely to be hand-made technology paradigm. At suggestion, we have found that HALT proving should besides be performed on existent in dustry units, to guarantee that the passage from technology design to achievement design has non resulted in a loss of merchandise shade or hardiness. Some applied scientists may see this attack as scientifically sensible, but economically impractical. though, the cost of HALT proving is much a lesser sum of than the cost of cogitation failures.2.6 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED STRESS SCREENING ( HASS )HASS testing is an ongoing showing trial, performed on usual production units. Here, the thought is non to upon the merchandise, but instead to swear that existent industry units continue to run decently when subjected to the cycling of bionomic factors used during the HASS trial. The bounds used in HASS proving are based on a skilled investigation of the HALT proving parametric quantities. The importance of HASS proving can be suited when 1 considers immediately s typical production scenario. Natural stuffs are purchased from a marketer who uses stuffs purchased from other sellers. Compo nents and sub-assemblies are obtained from makers all over the universe. The finishing gathering of the merchandise is performed by a subcontractor. This manner that the quality of the concluding merchandise is a function of the quality of all the constituents, stuffs, and procedures which are a portion of that concluding merchandise. These constituents, stuffs, and procedures can and make alter over clip, in that manner impacting the expense and dependability of the concluding merchandise. The best manner to guarantee that fiction units continue to run into dependability aims is through HASS testing.2.7 RELIABILITYDependability is definite as the chance that a device will execute its required map under verbalise conditions for a exact period of clip. predict with some grade of authorization is really dependent on right specifying a figure of parametric quantities. For case, taking the sharing that matches the information is of primary importance. If a right diffusion is non ch osen, the consequences will non be dependable. The confidence, which depends on the sample surface, must be adequate to do right determinations. Individual element failure rates must be based on a big adequate people and of import to truly reflect present twenty- 4 hours normal uses. There are experimental considerations, such as influential the incline of the failure rate and ciphering the activation power, every bit darling as ecological factors, such as temperature, humidness, and quiver. answerually, there are electrical stressors such as electromotive force and current. Dependability technology can be slightly abstract in that it involves much statistics yet it is technology in its most conceivable signifier. Will the design execute its pland mission? Product dependability is seen as a grounds to the stamina of the design every bit intimately as the unity of the category and fabricating committednesss of an societies.One of the rudimentss of understanding a merchandis e s dependability requires an apprehensionof the estimation of the failure rate. The conventional method of finding a merchandise s failure rate is through the usage of accelerated quiver runing life trials perform on a sample ofDevicess. The failure rate obtained on the life trial sample is so extrapolated to end-use fortunes by agencies of prearranged numerical theoretical accounts to bring out an appraisal of the failure rate in the field application. even though there are many other emphasis methods engaged by electronic assembly makers to to the full separate a merchandise s dependability, the informations generated from surgical procedureal life trial sampling is the major method used by the production for gauging the failure rate of a electronic assembly in field service.Failure Rate ( I )Measure of failure per unit of clip. The utile life failure rate is based on the exponential life distribution. The failure rate typically decreases slimly over early life, so stabilizes until wear-out which shows an increasing failure rate. This should happen beyond utile life.Failure In sentence ( FIT )Measure of failure rate in 109 device hours e. g. 1 FIT = 1 failure in 109 device hours.Entire Device Hours ( TDH )The summing up of the figure of units in military operation multiplied by the clip of operation. modal(a) Time between failures ( MTBF )Dependability is quantified as MTBF ( Average Time Between Failures ) for repairable merchandise and MTTF ( Average Time To Failure ) for non-repairable merchandise. A right apprehension of MTBF is of import. A power supply with an MTBF of 40,000 hours does non intend that theN = Number of units under trial.If the MTBF is known, one can cipher the failure rate as the opposite of the MTBF. Theexpression for ( I ) iswhere R is the figure of failures. formerly a MTBF is calculated, chance can deduce from following equationR ( T ) = e-t/MTBFConfidence Level or Limit ( CL )Probability degree at which race failure rate es timations are derived from sample life trial. The fastness arrogance degree interval is used.Acceleration Factor ( AF )A changeless derived from experimental informations which relates the time to failure at two different emphasiss. The AF allows extrapolation of failure rates from accelerated trial conditions to utilize conditions.Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be manifold if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally initiate at different rates. Equation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure rate.The Bathtub CurveThe life of a population of units can be divided into three distinguishable periods. show 1 showsthe dependability bathtub curve which theoretic al accounts the cradle to mould instantaneous failurerates vs. clip. If we follow the incline from the start to where it begins to dangle out thiscan be considered the commencement period. The first period is characterized by a decreasing failurerate. It is what occurs during the early life of a population of units. The weaker units dieoff go forthing a population that is more strict. This first period is besides called babymortality period. The following period is the level part of the graphical record. It is called the normallife. Failures occur more in a random sequence during this clip. It is hard to foretellwhich failure manner will attest, but the rate of failures is predictable. Notice thechangeless incline. The 3rd period begins at the point where the incline begins to increase andextends to the terminal of the graph. This is what happens when units become old and get fling off tofail at an increasing rate.Figure 2.1 bath bath curveReliability Predictions MethodsA batch of clip has been spent on developing moves for gauging dependability of electronic equipment. There are by and large two classs ( 1 ) anticipations based on genius failure rates, and ( 2 ) demonstrated dependability based on operation of equipment over clip. Prediction methods are based on constituent informations from a assortment of beginnings failure analysis, life trial informations, and device natural philosophies. For some computations ( e.g. military application ) MIL-HDBK-217 is used, which is considered to be the standard dependability anticipation method.A simple failure rate computation based on a individual life trial would follow equation 1.Ii = failure rate.TDH = Total Device Hours = Number of units x hours under emphasis.AF = Acceleration factor,Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be complicated i f there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure ratewhere,I = failure rate in FITs ( Number fails in 109 device hours )I? = Number of distinguishable feasible failure mechanismsK = Number of life trials being combined xi = Number of failures for a given failure mechanism I = 1, 2, I?TDHj = Total device hours of trial clip for life trial J, J = 1, 2, KAFij = Acceleration factor for appropriate failure mechanism,I = 1, 2, KM = I2( I , 2r +2 ) / 2where,I2 = qi square factor for 2r + 2 grades of freedomR = entire figure of failures ( I? xi )I = hazard associated with CL between 0 and 1.2.2 SOLDER attachRole Of Solder Paste In ReflowingSolder bedcover is a combination mixture of a mix composing and a extremely grinded, powdered solder metal metal that is usually us ed in the electronics industry to soldering procedures. And besides it is call as a attachment medium between the device interconnectedness symptomatics and the PCB itself. The constituents of a solder gap are specially designed for first-class print and reflow features.In normal instance of the surface saddle horse soldering procedure involves puting the substrate and a little sum of solder scatter in a printed circuit board. After that the system will be heat until the solder reflows, forms an electrical connexion between the solder tablet and the electrical contact of electronics portion. After this reflow finished it forms both an electrical and mechanical connexion between the electronics constituents and the printed circuit board.Selection Criteria Of A Solder PasteChoice of a solder counterpane is really of import factor for reflowing procedure, dependability & A its quality. The undermentioned factors are considerable for a respectable solder paste 6 .The size of t he solder metal atoms which are in the solder pasteThe endeavor to organize nothingnesssThe belongingss of the state of flux medium of the solder pasteAlpha atom emanation rateThe design of the print to be used for makeThermal belongingss of the solder pasteElectrical belongingss of the solder pasteChapter 03MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY3.1SOLDER PasteThe inner(a) informations of solder paste used in the experiment are given in the undermentioned tabular arrayPCB noAlloy1 & A 2Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.53 & A 4Sn42Bi57Ag1Table 3.1. types of solder paste used in experimentFor this undertaking all above solder paste should be in a container with appropriate labelling and designation on it to separate it from the Tin lead solder paste. The solder paste should be stored in a icebox between 35 45F. and should be allowed to come room temperature for minimal four hours before making the solder paste printing process. Once it has finished the utilizing solder paste must replace to the icebox since it can non be at room temperature over 24 hours. The self life of the lead free solder pastes may be cut downing from the typical six month.The above guidelines are purely followed in this undertaking. Because it is non merely for warrant the quality of solder paste but besides a good manner to cut down the mistakes that may impact the concluding consequences of the undertaking.3.2 SOLDER PASTE PrintingImportant of Solder Paste PrintingSurface mount engineering ( SMT ) is used extensively in the electronics industry. Surface saddle horse constituents are potentially more dependable merchandises can be designed and manufactured utilizing the SMT.The solder paste stencil publishing procedure is really critical and of import measure in the surface saddle horse manufacting procedure. Most of all the bonding defects are due to jobs covering with the showing procedure. stencil printing procedures have major cautiousnesss in operation and put up stairss. When we are supervisin g these factors conservatively we can minimise the defects.The chief intent of publishing solder paste on PCB is to provide solder metal to solder joint to ameliorate sum. That merely publish must be aligned right and can acquire a perfect constituent arrangement.Printing Procedure ParametersSome of the undermentioned parametric quantities are really of import to publishing procedure.StencilStencils are utilizing for the solder paste slip easy off the aperture edges and thereby secures a unvarying print. For this procedure we utilizing electro formed stencils. Because of these stencils have really shape border and somewhat conelike. By and large a stencil is mading from cuppa or Ni.environmentalDust and soil from the air that will make the PCBs and stencils can be defects hapless wet ability in the reflow bonding procedure. So PCBs should be stored in certain bundles and cleaned before usage.SOLDER PASTESolder paste characterise must be controlled to accomplish a maximal producti on consequences. Some of the factors are given below 12 .Percentage of metalViscositySlumpSolder ballsFlux activity working life and shelf lifeSolder Paste Printing Equipment and ProcessStencil printing parametric quantities are really of import factors in publishing procedures to accomplish a best output. The undermentioned parametric quantities must be proctors and controlled in a printing procedure.squeegee force per unit area = 8kgSqueegee speed = 20 mm/sSeparation speed = 100 %Printing spread = 0.0 mmThese factors and bound can be adjust for our undertaking intentFigure 3.1 DEK 260 stencil printing formThe DEK 260 stencil printing machine is used to publish solder paste on the circuit board. This DEK 260 stencil printing machine has two chief maps.Registers the place of the merchandise screen with in the print caputPositioning the circuit board below the stencil, to take a shit for the print rhythm.The boards to be print are supported on charismatic tooling and held by vacu ity caps arranged on the home base to ensure the board steady during the printing on to the board. The first measure of the experiment is to make the solder paste publishing on to the board.Figure 3.2 Stencil printing by manusIn this undertaking unable to acquire metal stencil, so circuit boards are printed by manus, below process followed to publish PCBPut weights onto the stencil to repair itturn over the squeegee over the stencilsolder paste presses through the aperture onto PCBseparate stencilTwo circuit boards are printed with solder paste for each solder paste types. Wholly 4 circuit boards printed.Pick and PlaceComponent of PCB placed by choice and topographic point machine ( APS Gold-Place L20 ) . robotic weaponries are used to put surface-mount devices onto PCB. Pick and topographic point process as follow. pneumatic suction noses taken by caput of arm, so moved to feeder where the constituent is loaded. The suction nozzele picks it up utilizing vacuity, and moves to the a rrangement location so centers the constituent with focus oning fingers. After justified aligned point, it places the constituent onto solder paste.Figure 3.3 APS Gold-Place L203.3 SOLDER PASTE REFLOWPROCESS & A PROFILEFigure 3.4 reflow ovenReflow procedure is really of import to accomplish a good dependable solder articulation. Novastar 2000 HT convectional reflow oven is used in research lab for the probe. When making the reflow procedure with lead free solder paste it has to be performed at a minimal peak temperature of 150.It is by and large accepted that lead free solders requires a higher reflow temperature up to 230 240.reflow oven has six warming zones and temperature reduction zone. ( Wu J.2000 )Reflow profile will be impacting the dependability of a solder articulation. Because it is a major factor that influence the formation of the intermettallic beds in a solder articulation. Intermettalic bed is a critical portion of a solder articulation. An intermettalic bond thick ness should be thin. Therefore a good reflow profile must bring forth solder bumps with a thin intermetallic layer.. ( Zhang RR.2001 )PREHEAT ZONEIn this zone indicates how the temperature is altering fast on the printed circuit board. The ramp-up rate is normally between 1-3 per second. If this rate exceeds there will be harm to constituents from thermic daze. Merely In this preheat zone the solder paste begins to vaporize. So if the rise rate is excessively low the vaporization of flux is non uncomplete. This will impact the quality of the solder articulation.THERMAL SOAK ZONEIt is besides called the flux activation zone. In this thermic soak zone it will take 60-120 seconds for remotion of solder paste and activation of fluxes. Solder splatter and balling will be go on if the temperature is excessively high or excessively low. End of this thermic daze zone a thermic counterbalance will finish the full circuit board.REFLOW ZONEIn this reflow zone merely the maximal temperature w ill be reached. In this zone we have to see about the peak temperature that is the maximal allowable temperature of full procedure. It is really of import to wangle this maximal temperature exceeds the peak temperature in this zone. It may do harm to the intrinsic dies of SMT constituents and a block to the growing of intermetalic bonds. we have to see the profile clip besides. If clip exceeds than the industries specification it besides affect the circuit board s quality.Cooling districtIn the reflow procedure the last zone is chilling zone. A proper chilling inhabits extra intermetallic formation or thermic daze to the constituents. By and large the chilling zone temperature scope is 30 100.In this undertaking, the undermentioned temperature profiles were selected. This temperature profile is stranded reflow profile for lead free bonding.Zone 1 220Zone 2 180Zone 3 170Zone 4 190Zone5 233Zone 6 233Wholly 4 circuit boards were printed. Choosing of good reflow profile was non invo lves any defects or amendss in the printed circuit board.Figure 3.5 Reflow profileFigure 3.6 printed circuit board after reflowSET UP EVENT DETECTORFigure 3.7 Event sensorThe constructed PCB s were connected with take sensor by hoist informations overseas telegram. Ribbon overseas telegram addressed harmonizing to Analysis tech STD series event sensors manual . pins 1 to 32 map as beginning terminus and pins 33 to 37 map as land terminus.Figure 3.8 Ribbon overseas telegram pin referenceTo obtain closed cringle circuit to supervise the behavior of PCB constituents, PCB boards 1, 2, 3 and 4 connected to impart 1,2,33 and 34 severally.Ribbon overseas telegramAfter connected thread overseas telegram with event sensor and environment chamber, channels are assigned in WIN DATA LOG package which supplied with event sensor.For this trial following scenes define for informations acquisition.Figure 3.9 set up trial informations in event sensor3.5 INVESTICATING RELIABILITY OF SOLDER JOIN T UNDER VIBRATION CHAMERFigure 3.10 Design Environmental FS800-70SVIn this survey, PCB s were used in Variable Frequency chill Test to analyze the dynamic response of PCB assembly subjected to random quiver burden. The PCB specimens were tested at different acceleration degrees to measure the solder articulation dependability subjected changing G-level quiver tonss ( G is the gravitative acceleration ) , severally. Vibration trials were accomplished by utilizing an electro dynamic Shaker ( Design Environmental FS800-70SV ) and event sensor. One accelerometer was used to find the dynamic response of the specimen, Daisy concatenation cringles were monitored at the same time by an Event Detector during quiver trial. any opposition alteration transcending a preset threshold with minimal length of 200ns can be detected by the Event Detector. When a chap is initiated in the solder articulation during the quiver trial, the opposition will increase. The failure standards recommended by IPC 785 criterion is defined as daisy concatenation opposition by thermic or mechanical transients or perturbations in the signifier of short continuance ( 1 Asec ) high opposition spikes ( & gt ccc a ) . During thermic alterations the solder articulations are capable to shear, non tensile, lading hence, demolish surfaces of fractured solder articulations slide relative to each other bring forthing the characteristic short continuance intermittent. Therefore, in this context, the practical definition of solder joint failure is the break of electrical continuity ( & gt 300 ohms ) for periods greater than 1 microsecond.Figure 3.11 PCB s was mounted inside the Environment chamber in this mode.Figure 3.12 Above tabular array exemplifying trial program.Figure 3.13 attempt programFigure 3.14 graphs obtained from chamberChapter 4ConsequencePCB boardFailure rate ( % )Operation clip ( hours )Dependability124.050263.013.04031.60.33050.589342.50.50830.2806Table 4.1 dependability of sold er pasteThe proving began with 1 GRMS. The intent of this to observe any gross issues in solder articulations, every bit good as with the informations acquisition system. No failures were detected at beginning, nevertheless, after 1.5GRMS an review revealed that both PCBs 3 and 4 were failed. Following, quiver degrees were stepped bit by bit to 6GRMS increases over the period of cardinal hours PCB 1 got failed, In 13.04 hr s period the chamber reached degree of about 14GRMS, staying PCB besides got failed. However, the failure mechanism was attributed to a quiver moving on the solder connexion particular to these parts and was straight related to thermic mistakes.Failure rateTime elapseAbove graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn42Bi57Ag1Failure rateTime elapsedAbove graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5Chapter 5RESULT ANALYSISFrom dependability analysis sample 3 has maximum dependability and sample 2 has minimum dependability. Each sa mple was subjected to nominal supply current and opposition value in conformity with the design and public presentation specification. Respective trial samples continued to vibrate with some public presentation abnormalities observed. The aim of this experiment was to utilize HALT quiver to set up the relationship between the life of similar parts soldered with different solder composings.The consequences proved inconclusive for the primary intent of Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 versus Sn42Bi57Ag1 articulation random quiver trial. Both composings demonstrated weak public presentation and the consequences may propose that with regard to this brief random quiver trial, solder articulation dependability is different between the two composings. No samples were separated from the trial vehicle as a consequence of the quiver applied.However, the trial procedure revealed acumen into HALT and suggested factors which can impact consequences when soldered constituents are being compared.First, Printed circuit board kineticss would be understood and controlled so that acceleration hot musca volitanss and nothings are made more equal in amplitude. A flexible PCB will debar and bring forth bending emphasiss suited for measuring emphasis on solder articulations. But with a flexible board acceleration uniformity become hard to command and do a compare trial less nonsubjective. Second, HALT random quiver is a good methodological analysis for bring forthing multi-axis wide spectrum energy for PCBs and their constituents. ( Wu J.2000 )The typical method to analyze the functionality of a PCB in a quiver environment is to verify the quiver transmissibility. Normally the transmissibility at any location of PCB should be less than a factor of 10, i.e. , 1 G input will non bring forth more than 10 G end product at any location of the PCB. To accomplish this end, two methods can be applied to the PCB design. One is to restrain the PCB tightly to the fixture, which can be realized by betterin g the boundary conditions in the finite component analysis theoretical account. The other is to relocate heavy affiliated constituents of the PCB board to allow optimum locations ( i.e. , mass re-distribution ) . ( Wu J.2000 )Lead free solder assemblies have quickly been promote in the micro-packaging development to forestall the environmental pollution, issues on the dependability has non been clearly solved. Several experiments have been conducted on the soundness of alternate lead free soldering technique such as Sn-Ag-Cu solder. During the bumping procedure, a considerable thermic aberrancy is occurred and the chemical features of solder and bed qualities are besides changed in arranging with the surface completing method such as ET ( electric Sn ) , ENEPIG ( electro less nickel, electro less Pd and submergence gold ) etc. The IMC ( intermetallic rise ) bed is formed in a micro-scale part between the solder and the surface completing stuff under high temperature adhering proc edure. In the field of micro-packaging together with IMC bed, one of the most hard issues is to mensurate width user interface beds in a solder articulations. Since the IMC beds have been estimated as the weakest subdivision in the solder articulations, a right finding of mechanical belongingss in the domain of this critical part may supply direct and enhanced information to understand the break behavior. a? . ( Zhang RR.2001 )stringency of mounting hasp of PCB decrease during experiment. Due to this consequence the PCB stated to vibrate freely. Applied quiver force was non shared uniformly. From finite component analysis alterations in stringency of mountin bolt can be realize.Chapter 6DecisionThe decisions ensuing from this work are.Interactions between temperature and quiver were found important and therefore had influence on concluding consequence.Stencil printing by manus affect the solder joint dependability. break out apprehension gained about electronic assembly behavio rs when subjected to quiver.Gained cognition about electronic assembly procedure and how it is act uponing in solder articulation dependability.Gained good experience in managing event sensor and environmental proving chamber.Chapter 7FUTURE WORKSIn this undertaking investigated the consequence of quiver of solder articulation dependability in electronic assembly. For this probe two different types solder paste used, eventually all specimens were tested in environmental Chamber.In this undertaking when making quiver trial informations acquired by event sensor is non accurate value. From informations obtained from event sensor does non give proper analytical consequence.In sing about the hereafter plant life of this undertaking can be expand based on acquirable informations type, every bit good as finite component analysis because dependability of a solder articulation depends on assorted environmental factors, so result analysis will be more accurate and stand with more internation al criterions.

American Football and High School

ballFootball is life. football game game change e trulything. i worked doing football when i was eleven old age old. but before that, my father lack me to embolden basketball. it was non small vivifying basketball for me because i do not fit on these game. Here comes football which was introduce to me by may childhood friend. we al appearances play a small sided game in our village and wherefore i found out that i was full(a) on it. so i trained to play football. i bring on been playing football for six and a half geezerhood and now, i am in college. ut football here in the Philippines is not well form and they do not recognize it. i do not wishing to end my c argoner as a football musician and i do not emergency to end my career as a football worker with no good things knocked. my dream, is to go to a domain that organize football and to be a superior football player like the the young super star Cristiano Ronaldo and the like. God gave me a talent to play foot ball and the skill to play football so i am going to use it to work and train hard to manipulate may dreams come true.My family provoke not afford to light me abroud to play football or to enroll me in to a football inculcate day. so i am just hoping that miracle could happen and a school or somebody would conact me and offer me a full acquaintance or to rat me in to a football school . My contact number is09065885273or you contribute email me atemailprotected com if you jazz someone who could help me disport tell them about my situation and contact me. Becoming a original football player is a dream of m some(prenominal) young work force near the country.While many an(prenominal) dream of the opportunity only a few get to make it a reality. If youre serious about organism a football player and think you have what it takes, hold up reading. To become a professional football player, youll not only need be very good at playing football, but also to think strategically and make the scoop out use of your talent. There are things you passel do in both extravagantly school and college to boost your chances of being subject to join a league, including developing your skills, knowing how to perform for scouts, and choosing the right school for your skill level.You may want to consider putting together a press kit to send out to college and league recruiters. If youre having trouble acquire schools or leagues interested in you, you might want to work with asports agentas well. If you freightert get into theNational Football league(NFL) or United Football League (UFL) immediately, then(prenominal) its important to try to keep playing in another one, like the Canadian Football League (CFL) orArena FootballLeague (AFL) or a semiprofessional league. Pre-College Experience While youre in high school, its essential to develop your somatic skills and play as much as possible.Most college football players are scouted from high school team ups, and gett ing a scholarship to play football is seen as a good indicator of talent. You arse also join local football leagues and camps to help develop yourself physically and build your sports resume. Make certainly to acknowledge out what scouts in your area or college of choice are looking for common criteria includeagility, jump height, the amount of weight you outhouse bench press, and your 40 yard dash time. If possible, try to make cozy up videos of yourself to send tocoachesand schools, and view any college football camps that you can.You should also start considering which colleges you want to go to while you still have a few years of high school left. Most professional leagues tend to recruit from large schools, but if you think youll be in over your head or wont get any playing time, then look at smaller schools where you know you can excel. If you do end up needing to go to a smaller college, then try to choose one thats near a bigger college that gets a disperse of sco uts, as recruiters allow for be to a greater extent likely to visit your school if theyre already in the area.You can start looking for open tryouts at this time. Though most college football teams send personal invitations before allowing players to try out, some hold open tryouts for anyone interested. You can check out the teams official websites to keep updated on any information, such as the dates, venues, and other requirements and documents needed for enlistment. If you start getting a lot of media buzz or interest from colleges, you should make sure you sympathize the recruiting action in your country.In the US, college football recruiting is done under the National Collegiate acrobatic Associations (NCAA) guidelines, which include regulations on the ways, times, and frequency with which college recruiters can contact players. They also event the legal aspects of National Letters of Intent (NLI), which is a legally medical dressing agreement in which a high school stud ent agrees to play for a specific college for at least one year. If you dont get any invitations or scholarship offers, then you can try to go to a school that plays in a dishonor division and work your way up, or you can try to join a ollege team as a walk on. College Experience Once youre in college playing for a team, you should continue to hone your physical skills. Look for players on professional teams who are in the position you want to play, and try to get to the point where you can match their playing statistics. You should develop your sense of teamwork and character as well, as this is an important aspect to many league scouts. Its important to have a good relationship with your coach too, since many coaches know scouts and having a good recommendation from them can make a big difference in whether you get chosen or not.Similarly to when you were in high school, try to play as much as you can and generate media buzz, especially if youre from a smaller school or one that plays in a lower division. If a scout does visit your school, its crucial that you are on your best behavior before, during, and after practice session. Besides the physical aspects, scouts look for things like how you discretion your teammates, what your relationship with your coach is like, how energetic you are during warm ups, and whether or not you have a good attitude. If you get scouting feedback thats negative, use it as an opportunity to improve.You should start thinking about what league you want to join, and give lessons yourself about their recruiting process and what specific things they look for in players. Though many college players hope to be drafted by the National Football League (NFL), if that doesnt happen immediately you shouldnt give up. Keep playing for any league you can so that you can keep yourself in top shape and you wont have gaps in your playing experience. Press Kit Whether youre in high school or in college, you can often benefit by having a resum e or press kit that you can send to teams you want to play for.Your resume should include your basic information, the position you play for, and your accomplishments as a football player. A press kit, on the other hand, can include copies of articles where you or your team had been previously mentioned, photographs, and even a CD that contains a video of some of your best performances on the field. All these will help you stand out among other candidates and increase your chances of becoming a professional football player. It is important that you follow up on your submissions by calling or sending e-mails, to express your sincerity and to keep jumper cable of our application status. Working with an Agent You may also want to find your own sports agent who will help establish your career as a professional football player. An agent often has connections with football teams and can represent and endorse you as a competent and valuable player. He or she keeps your best interest at hea rt by being involved in contract andsalarynegotiations, finance management, and even in monitoring your practice schedules. In this way, you can focus on honing your football skills without having to worry much about the legal and financial issues that come with being a professional athlete.How to Become a Professional Football histrion Answer This Question Report as Glamorousbulb1 year ago Join your high school football team. The road to football stardom normally begins in high school. Scouts regularly check standout high school seniors, and playacting well in high school is what leads to a college scholarship. Then, know and scan the game. You cant hope to be a professional football player if you dont understand how the game works from all sides. Its not just important for you to know your position, but all the positions on the field and how they work together to form the game. Next, practice.Become the best at whatever your position is. There are thousands of boys around the country who are vying for the same opportunity so the more you practice the better your chances of being a standout at your position. Also, land a scholarship to a D-1 school. If you follow steps 1 through 3 then you will position yourself to get that all-important scholarship. If you dont get a scholarship, attend a D-1 university and walk onto the team. This makes it a lot harder to become a professional football player but your chances will be better than sitting at home uneducated. Become a standout on your college team.However you make it onto the team you want to make sure youre one of the star players of that team. This means applying Steps 2 and 3 to your college career. Get an invite to the Combine and attain the scouts. If youve been a standout on the college team and garnered some All-American honors you may be asked to the Combine. This is your chance to impress the scouts who are responsible for drafting for the pro teams. While not getting invited doesnt mean you w ont be in the NFL, it definitely increases your chances. Lastly, sit back and time lag to be drafted. Your dream of being a professional football player is around the corner.